End Of Year Exams Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 4 causes of the agricultural revolution
A
Selective breeding
Four course crop rotation
New farming equipment
Spreading improved farming practices
2
Q
How did selective breeding cause the agricultural revolution
A
Farmers realised that animals can be bred together to enhance desirable traits, to have larger animals and woolier sheep. Larger animals led to larger profits, and an increased yield.
3
Q
How did new farming equipment cause the agricultural revolution
A
Towards the end of the agricultural revolution, new machines designed to replace human labour began to make farming easier. These new machines made farming more efficient, but caused many people to lose their jobs.
4
Q
How did the four course crop rotation cause the agricultural revolution
A
Over time, farming would leech nutrients out of the soil, causing crops to die. Turnips and barley were grown on fallow fields every four years to revitalise the soil. This allowed for more efficient use of land and larger herds
5
Q
How did spreading improved farming practices cause the agricultural revolution
A
Improvements to farming began to spread through books and festivals to share ideas. Some landowners became wealthy by increasing the value of their farms through good practice, and other farmers rushed to imitate them.
6
Q
How did the agricultural revolution lead to the industrial revolution?
A
This led to wealthy farmers buying up large sections of land in order to create larger and more complex farms. Ultimately, this forced smaller farmers off of their land. Having lost their way of life, many of these farmers went to local towns and cities in search of work.
Selective breeding and new farming methods such as four course crop rotation increased food production, which increased the population, which increased the population. This means more workers to work and earn money in these factories.
7
Q
What similar experiences did women and children share in the industrial revolution?
A
- They both received low wages, so employers paid less by employing women and children
8
Q
What similar experiences did women and men share in the industrial revolution?
A
- Men and women were able to run businesses and sell products
9
Q
What similar experiences did women, men and children share in the industrial revolution?
A
- Harsh working conditions
- Rural to urban migration increased amongst families in order to find jobs in coal mines and factories
10
Q
What were the harsh working conditions in factories in the industrial revolution?
A
- Long working hours (10-12 hours)
- Machines lacked safety covers and fences - this lead to deadly accidents
- Iron workers worked in temperatures 130 degrees celcius and above.
- Cruel punishments such as slapping or kicking were used to discipline child workers
- Dusty air led to chest and lung diseases.
- Loud noise from the machines damaged hearing.
11
Q
How were the experiences of women different from others’ in the industrial revolution?
A
- Women and young girls worked in domestic service
- Women worked during pregnancy
- Dressmaking and needlework and teaching jobs were seen as respectable and natural professions for women
12
Q
How were the experiences of men different from others’ in the industrial revolution?
A
- Men were able to receive higher social status and reputation from business making
- Men were paid higher wages
13
Q
How were the experiences of children different from others’ in the industrial revolution?
A
- Children were cruelly punished
14
Q
Summarise the Russian revolution
A
Russian Revolution, also called Russian Revolution of 1917, two revolutions in 1917, the first of which, in February (March, New Style), overthrew the imperial government and the second of which, in October (November), placed the Bolsheviks in power.
15
Q
List all the causes leading up to the Russian Revolution
A
- 1861: Tsar Alexander II ended serfdom
- 21 years later: Tsar Alexander II assassinated by political radicals
- 10 years later: Tsar Nicholas II comes to the throne and is a poor ruler
- 13 years later (1905): Russia gets defeated in the Russo-Japanese war. Nicholas establishes Duma
- 2 years later: Nicholas dissolves Duma
- 12 years later (1914): Outbreak of WW1, Russia joins Triple Entente to fight Germany.
- 3 years later: Outbreak of Russian Revolution
16
Q
Did the end of serfdom in 1861 make the Russian Revolution less likely?
A
- Though serfdom had been abolished in the 1860s, most Russians were still poor
- Most farmers were forced to frow their own food on rented land from wealthy nobles
17
Q
Did industrialisation during the 1890s to 1910s make the Russian Revolution?
A
- Former serfs moved to large cities to find work in factories
- Between 1890 and 1910, for example, the population of major Russian cities such as St. Petersburg and Moscow nearly doubled, resulting in overcrowding and destitute living conditions for a new class of Russian industrial workers.
- A population boom at the end of the 19th century, a harsh growing season due to Russia’s northern climate, and a series of costly wars—starting with the Crimean War—created frequent food shortages across the vast empire. Moreover, a famine in 1891-1892 is estimated to have killed up to 400,000 Russians.
18
Q
Did the Russo- Japanese war cause the Russian revolution?
A
- In 1904, Russian went to war with Japan
- Russia lost a series of many battles, and much of its army and navy, which undermined the national pride.
19
Q
Describe the event of Tsar Nicholas II signing the October manifesto in 1905
A
- Soldiers and workers began to protest about their conditions. Former serfs complained about their restrictions on selling land. Industrial workers felt as though they were being exploited by factory owners
- Protesters marched to the winter palace - Tsar’s home - and demanded him to sign the October Manifesto
- In response, the Tsar ordered guards to protect his home and killed hundreds of protesters
- In response, millions of workers went on strike, and revolts broke out in non-Russian parts of the Empire
- The Tsar was reluctantly forced to sign the October Manifesto
- The Tsar continued to rule as an absolute monarch and dismissed certain ministers so only governments that agreed with him could rule
- Those who participated in the revolution were arrested by the Cheka and were either executed or sent to Siberia
20
Q
What was the October Manifesto
A
-A parliament, called a Duma, which would have elected representatives.
-Civil rights for all Russian citizens, including freedom of speech and the right to form political parties and trade unions.
-New laws would be discussed and approved by the Duma.
21
Q
How did WW1 affect Russia?
A
- Russia’s economic and political problems became worse due to the war, some problems included shortages in raw materials and goods
- The Tsar sacked his uncle to become commander-in-chief, despite having no military or leadership skills, and left his wife to rule Russia with Rasputin
- During the war, soldiers and workers were constantly overworked, underpaid with very little food, Russian soldiers became deserters of the army due to low morale and poor working conditions.
- Russia’s industry depended almost entirely on foreign imports. When Germany and its Turkish allies blockaded Russia’s Eastern ports, its railway, electricity and supply systems broke down. There were not enough laborers to collect the harvests and there were serious food shortages.
- With little food, no ammunition or even proper uniforms, Russian soldiers began to mutiny in their thousands. Strikes and protests in Russia saw no reforms from the government. Trade unions were banned and ‘troublemakers’ were sent into exile. By early 1917 most Russians had completely lost faith in the Tsarist regime.
22
Q
What was the provisional government?
A
- The Provisional Government was formed on March 1, 1917. It was meant to be a temporary body that would govern Russia in place of the Tsar until elections could be held.
- Unlike the Petrograd Soviet, the provisional government was unelected. Many saw it as a dictatorial body of upper class citizens - Prince Lvov was its Prime Minister.
- Provisional Government was unable to introduce a democratic parliament, redistribution of land, stable food supplies, or end to war.
23
Q
Who was Kerensky?
A
- Many of the members of the PG were unknown to the public
- However, Kerensky had support of the people
- He granted freedoms, assembly, press and speech
- He lifted restrictions on religion, race and gender
24
Q
Who was the Petrograd Soviet?
A
- During the February revolution, striking workers and soldiers formed soviets
- The soviets and above all, the Petrograd Soviet had much support and influence over solders and workers
- The Petrograd Soviet allowed the Duma to temporarily lead, who were mainly Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries who believed that elections could slowly influence the government to change.
25
Why did the provisional government lose support?
- Soldiers and workers became sick of fighting and longed to peace
- Provisional government still continued the war
- Consequently, they had lost support, and instead found respect for the Bolsheviks
26
Who are Bolsheviks?
Promised the peasantry
- Land to peasantry
- Food for the people
- Power to the workers
- End to WW1
27
What was the February revolution?
The February Revolution, which removed Tsar Nicholas II from power, developed spontaneously out of a series of increasingly violent demonstrations and riots on the streets of Petrograd (present-day St. Petersburg), during a time when the tsar was away from the capital visiting troops on the World War I front.
28
What were the July days?
- 3rd of July, soldiers and workers marched and protested to the capital city, threatening to throw the PG out
- Bolsheviks were unprepared and never gave clear instruction on this
- Due to the rainstorm, some people hid for cover and didn't return, and those who did were confused due to lack of a clear plan of action and were dispersed by troops still loyal to the PG
- The Bolsheviks were deemed responsible for the outburst
- Lenin was charged with treason and fled the country
29
What was the October revolution?
In the evening of October 25th, Bolshevik Red Guards moved on government positions around the city of Petrograd. They then invaded the Winter Palace, where several government ministers were resident. Within hours, the Provisional Government had been deposed and its members had either fled or been arrested.
The armed seizure of power was organised and conducted by the Bolsheviks, acting the name of Russia’s Soviets. Most of the tactical and logistical arrangements were overseen by Leon Trotsky and a revolutionary committee formed only a couple of weeks beforehand.
It soon became apparent, however, that the October seizure of power was more Bolshevik revolution than Soviet revolution. Lenin and his fellow radicals had no interest in sharing power with other socialists, such as Mensheviks or moderates, who they swiftly condemned to the “dustbin of history”.
30
What was the Schlieffen plan?
Germany was keen to invade France before going on to fight Russia. Germany had a strategy to invade France, known as the Schlieffen Plan. This plan had been in place since 1897. The Germans thought that Russia would be the real danger and that they could easily defeat France within weeks.
31
Why did the Schlieffen plan fail?
- Germany needed to go through Belgium, a neutral country, to get to France. Britain warned Germany not to do this. Germany carried on with the Schlieffen Plan. The small Belgian army fought bravely and slowed down the German advance.
- Britain has signed the Treaty of London in 1839 promising to protect Belgium. As a result Britain sent the British Expeditionary Force to Belgium slowing the Germans down at the Battle of Mons.
- On the 19th August Russia invaded Germany much quicker than the Germans had expected. This forced Germany to move 100,000 troops back to support which weakened the German advance.
- The Battle of Marne (Germans advance on Paris) saw the British and French armies push the Germans back to the river Aisne where they began to dig trenches.
32
What were the alliances that caused WW1
- Britain had an alliance with France and Russia, called the Triple Entente (An alliance formed between the Britain, France, and Russia in 1907, which would lead to their partnership in the First World War).
- Germany had a similar agreement with the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Italy. This was known as the Triple Alliance.
33
What was the assassination that caused WW1
- The Austro-Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by a Serb called Gavrilo Princip, in the Bosnian capital Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. Angered by this, the Austro-Hungarian Empire declared war on Serbia.
- Russia agreed to help Serbia. Germany agreed to help the Austro-Hungarian Empire by declaring war on Russia on 31 July 1914 and then on France.
34
Why were trenches important?
- Long, narrow trenches dug into the ground at the front, usually by the infantry soldiers who would occupy them for weeks at a time, were designed to protect World War I troops from machine-gun fire and artillery attacks from the air.
- As the “Great War” also saw the wide use of chemical warfare and poison gas, the trenches were thought to offer some degree of protection against exposure. (While significant exposure to militarized chemicals such as mustard gas would result in almost certain death, many of the gases used in World War I were still relatively weak.)
Thus, trenches may have afforded some protection by allowing soldiers more time to take other defensive steps, such as putting on gas masks.
35
What illnesses did staying the trenches cause?
- With soldiers fighting in close proximity in the trenches, usually in unsanitary conditions, infectious diseases such as dysentery, cholera and typhoid fever were common and spread rapidly.
- Constant exposure to wetness caused trench foot, a painful condition in which dead tissue spread across one or both feet, sometimes requiring amputation. Trench mouth, a type of gum infection, was also problematic and is thought to be associated with the stress of nonstop bombardment.
36
How did life in the trenches mentally affect soldiers?
As they were often effectively trapped in the trenches for long periods of time, under nearly constant bombardment, many soldiers suffered from “shell shock,” the debilitating mental illness known today as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
37
Summarise WW2
- Britain declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939.
- The war ended in 1945. Germany surrendered in May and their ally, Japan, surrendered in September.
- The war involved the world’s major powers, including Britain, France, Russia, the USA, China and Japan. This guide looks at some of the key events of World War Two.
38
Who were the allies in WW2?
Allies:
- UK
- USA
- Soviet union
Axis:
- Germany
- Italy
- Japan
39
List all the events of WW2
- September 1939: Germany invades Poland, leading Britain and France declaring war
- 1 year later : Winston Churchill becomes prime minister. Germany invades France, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. Dunkirk evacuation
- 1 month later: Battle of Britain
- 1 year later: Germany invades the Soviet union
- 6 months later: Japan attacks the US naval base at Pearl Harbour
- 3 years later: D-Day
- 1 year later: VE day
- 3 months later: Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
- September 1945: WW2 ends
40
What caused the Dunkirk evacuation?
On 10 May 1940, the German army entered France. They swept through the country, capturing Paris on 14 June. The British Expeditionary Force, which had been sent to France to try and stop the German invasion, had to retreat. They reached the English Channel and waited on beaches at Dunkirk to be rescued.
41
What went well during the Dunkirk evacuation?
The evacuation was considered to be a success, with 340,000 French and British soldiers brought back to England in one week.
42
What went badly during the Dunkirk evacuation?
However, there were also big losses: over 68,000 soldiers were killed, wounded, captured or unaccounted for. Over 400 tanks, six destroyers and 145 aircraft were also lost. These losses were hugely damaging to the war effort.
43
What was Operation Barbarossa?
- Despite signing the Nazi-Soviet Pact in 1939, Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941. This was codenamed Operation Barbarossa. This meant Germany was now fighting a war on two fronts, against Britain in the west and the Soviet Union in the east.
- Operation Barbarossa failed. There were mistakes in planning and tactics which meant Germany couldn’t take advantage of early successes. The winter in the Soviet Union also made it difficult. Fuel froze in German tanks and vehicles, and German soldiers froze to death as they weren’t given enough winter clothing.
- There were many casualties. Germany suffered over 1 million, while the Soviet Union had almost 5 million.
44
What was D-Day?
- The support of American forces was crucial for Britain. By early 1944, plans were being made to return to France to try and push Germany back. British, American and Canadian troops planned to land on beaches in Normandy with the aim of liberating France from German occupation. To try and deceive Germany, hundreds of fake wooden planes were built and placed near Dover, to convince German pilots flying over Britain that an invasion was going to take place at Calais. This plan was effective in helping troops land at Normandy with less resistance.
- The landings took place on 6 June 1944. This was known as D-Day. 160,000 troops landed on the Normandy beaches; over 4,000 lost their lives. The invasion was a success, and German forces were driven back. This was a key moment in the war and turned it in the Allies’ favour.
45
How was Germany defeated in WW2?
- Following the D-Day landings, Allied troops began to push Germany back from the west. At the same time, Soviet troops were advancing towards Germany from the east. By February 1945, the Allies were confident enough of victory that they met at Yalta to discuss how to rebuild Europe and recover from the effects of war.
- In April 1945, Allied troops entered Berlin. Hitler, realising that defeat was now inevitable, died by suicide on 12 April. Germany surrendered on 8 May. This is known as VE Day (Victory in Europe Day).
