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biology > end of year exam > Flashcards

end of year exam Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define biodiversity

A

biodiversity refers to the variety of life that exists, the genetic material they posses and the ecosystems the inhabit.

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2
Q

what 2 factors make up an ecosystem

A

abiotic and biotic

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3
Q

name 5 abiotic factors

A
  1. climate
  2. sunlight
  3. humidity
  4. shelter
  5. pollutants
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4
Q

name 5 biotic factors

A
  1. humans
  2. plants
  3. bacteria
  4. disease
  5. predation
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5
Q

name the 5 measures of species

A
  1. simpsons diversity index
  2. species richness
  3. relative species abundance
  4. percentage cover
  5. percentage frequency
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6
Q

define species richness

A

number of different species in an ecosystem

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7
Q

define relative species abundance

A

how common/uncommon or even/uneven a species is relative to its surroundings

e.g.
gum trees = abundant in Australia
zebras = not abundant in Australia

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8
Q

define percentage frequency

A

how often species occurs when a sample of the environment is taken
% frequency = no. of quadrats species found / total no. quadrats

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9
Q

define percentage cover

A

estimate of what percentage of an enclosed area quadrat is occupied by each species

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10
Q

define simpsons diversity index

A

defines how diverse an ecosystem
SDI= 1- (organisms of one species multiplied by (organisms of one species - 1) / organisms of all species multiplied by (organisms of all species - 1))

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11
Q

how to use predation to compare ecosystems

A

compare rates of predation

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12
Q

how to use competition to compare ecosystems

A

compare resources and strain

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13
Q

how to use symbiosis to compare ecosystems

A

relationships where at least one benefits

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14
Q

how to use disease to compare ecosystems

A

compare rates of transmission

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15
Q

how to use substrate to compare ecosystems

A

surface/substance where organisms live. analysing substrate provides information about nutrients and composition of enviroment

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16
Q

what is biological classification based on

A

different levels of similarity of physical features, methods of reproduction and molecular sequences.

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17
Q

define morphologies

A

shape/structure of an animal. used to categorise animals.

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18
Q

define taxonomy

A

organising organisms is called taxonomy and the groups are called taxonomic groups

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19
Q

define species

A

organisms that can be interbreed under natural conditions while producing fertile, viable offspring

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20
Q

describe the Linnaean system

A

the Linnaean system categorises organisms based on their physical features. their are 5 kingdoms that organisms can be grouped into.

  1. animals
  2. plants
  3. fungi
  4. monera
  5. protists
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21
Q

how are animals classified in the Linnaean system?

A

multicellular, capable of movement, internal digestion and heterotrophic

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22
Q

how are plants classified in the Linnaean system?

A

plants: photosythetic, autotrophic and multicellular

23
Q

how are fungi classified in Linnaean system?

A

not capable of movement, usually multicellular and heterotrophic, external digestion

24
Q

how are monera classified in the Linnaean system?

A

unitcellular prokaryotes

25
Q

how are protists classified in the Linnaean system?

A

mostly unicellular and eukaryotic

26
Q

describe the method of reproduction. sexual and asexual

A

asexual: one parent, offspring identical to parent, quicker, low variation (only mutation can introduce variation)
sexual: two parents, offspring not identical, slower, high variation.

27
Q

what are interspecific hybrids?

A

two different species breed and create new offspring that presents traits from each parent. offspring are often sterile and known as infertile hybrid species

28
Q

give an example of an interspecific hybrid

A

Equus Mulus: mule

offspring of male donkey and female horse

mules can be male or female

they cannot reproduce as they inherit an odd amount of chromosomes donkey (62) and horse (64)

29
Q

how does light get converted to chemical energy?

A

small proportion of solar energy is captured by plants -> transformed via photosynthesis into chemical energy -> chemical energy released from the bonds of glucose molecules and used for metabolisms when broken down during cellular respiration

30
Q

how is biomass produced

A

solar energy is converted into biomass through the action of living things. autotrophs produce biomass

31
Q

what is biomass

A

total mass of living matter

32
Q

what are autotrophs?

A

photosynthetic organisms that capture the suns energy and produce their own organic compounds

33
Q

what is a trophic level?

A

a level of the food chain of an ecosystem based on feeding relations e.g. procurers herbivores

34
Q

what are heterotrophs?

A

organisms that need other organisms for food

35
Q

what is the competitive exclusion principle?

A

the idea that two species cannot be competing for the same resource while stably coexisting as they will compete until one species wins while the other is forced into extinction or adaptation

36
Q

what are keystone species?

A

species that influence their communities in a way that is not proportional to their abundance. they have a very big effect on the ecosystem even though they are a very small part of it
often predators

37
Q

give an example of the flow on effects of a keystone species

A
  • sea star prey of mussels
  • without sea stars muscle population increases
  • mussels eliminate other species form the community
38
Q

define carrying capacity

A

the size of the population that can be supported indefinitely on the resources available in that ecosystem

39
Q

calculate population growth rate and change

A

(birth + immigrants) - (deaths + emigrants)

40
Q

calculate population size using Lincoln index

A

size of pop (N) = M x n / m

M = originally marked 
n = total number captured in second sample 
m= total number of recaptured in second sample
41
Q

describe J-Curve

A

exponential boom and bust:

population has unrestricted growth before they are above the carrying capacity or another factor (climate migration) dramatically reduces the population

42
Q

describe S-Curve

A

logistical growth:

change in population density of an organisms where it initially increases slowly and then rapidly as it approaches an exponential growth rate. it decreases and levels off as the carrying capacity of the environment is reached

43
Q

define succsession

A

change in species composition when one community replaces another as a result of changing abiotic conditions by the previous species

44
Q

define ecological succession

A

process of gradual evolution of an ecosystem

45
Q

what are the 2 types of ecological succession?

A

primary and secondary

46
Q

describe primary succession

A

catastrophic event (volcanic eruption, tsunami) cause the development of bare sits

47
Q

describe secondary succession

A

caused by fires, still rich soil left. environment is not bare

48
Q

what is a pioneer species

A

brings back life to the environment

49
Q

define clades

A

organisms related by descent from a common ancestor

50
Q

Identify the features of a pioneer species

A
  1. ability to fix nitrogen
  2. tolerance to extreme conditions
  3. rapid germination of seeds
  4. ability to photosynthesise
51
Q

describe DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid is a double stranded molecule that occurs born d to proteins (histones) in chromosomes in the nucleus.

52
Q

recall the structure of DNA including nucleotide composition

A
  • sugar
  • phosphate
  • nitrogenous bases
53
Q

recall the structure of DNA including complimentary base pairings

A 
DNA guanine (G) always hydrogen bonds to  cytosine (C) and adenine (A) to thymine (T) 
G  C AT
54
Q

recall the structure of DNA including weak hydrogen bonds

A

link bases on DNA strands

biology (3 decks)

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