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Modern History > End of Year Exam!! > Flashcards

End of Year Exam!! Flashcards

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1
Q

GERMANY PRIOR TO WORLD WAR ONE/END OF

A
  • Proud people
  • World finest army
  • Ruled by Kaiser
  • Great optimism
  • Strong Germany
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2
Q

EMERGENCE FROM WAR

A
  • Defeated Army
  • Starving
  • Flu epidemic
  • Poverty-stricken
  • Weak nation
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3
Q

ECONOMIC STATE

A
  • Increasing unemployment
  • Hyperinflation
  • Currency collapses
  • Loss of resources in Ruhr Valley
  • Treaty of Versailles
  • Reparations
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4
Q

SOCIAL STATE

A
  • Betrayal
  • Bitterness
  • Shame
  • Flu epidemic
  • Mass shortages (food)
  • Loss of identity and pride
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5
Q

POLITICAL STATE

A
  • Radical right wing oppositions
  • Treaty of Versailles (democracy)
  • Abdication of the Kaiser
  • Autocratic to Democratic
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6
Q

SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS/RESULTS

A
  • The Treaty of Versailles
  • Hyperinflation
  • The Weimar Republic
  • Great Depression
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7
Q

THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES

A
  • May 1919

- Signed 28th June 1919 (despite protest)

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8
Q

INTENTIONS - T/V

A
  • France: Weaken Germany so they couldn’t start another world war (in theory)
  • United States; Germany to become a DEMOCRACY
  • US/UK; Did not want to create pretexts for a new war
  • Germany pay for ALL war debt incurred by Allies (exception of US)
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9
Q

TERMS - T/V

A
  • 10% land
  • ALL overseas colonies
  • 12.5% population
  • 16% coal
  • 48% iron industry
  • Army reduced to 100 000
  • No air force
  • Reduced navy
  • Accept blame (starting)
  • Reparations 6 600 billion (annual repayments)
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10
Q

GERMAN REACTION - T/V

A
  • November Criminals
  • ‘Stabbed in the Back’ myth
  • Betrayal
  • Hyperinflation
  • Dishonor/glorification
  • Destabilized Germany politically
  • Germans’ blamed it for their economic crisis
  • Hatred of T/V evident in all classes (called a diktat or imposed peace)
  • Long term bitterness in German society
  • 1919 + governments sought to evade or reserve terms of T/V
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11
Q

NOVEMBER CRIMINALS

A
  • Socialist and Liberal politicians that signed the armistice
  • November 11 1918
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12
Q

‘STAB IN THE BACK’ MYTH

A
  • Encouraged by; right wing conservatives and army
  • German army had been betrayed by Socialists, pacifists, war profiteers and the Jews
  • Army had strength to continue, not surrender
  • Surrender seen as betrayal
  • Army’s honor and military tradition became shameful
  • Aim; preserve honour of army
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13
Q

NOVEMBER REVOLUTION

A
  • 1918 – 1919
  • Triggered by mutiny in German navy
  • November 1918, the Supreme Naval Command launched attack on British fleet (superior)
  • Sailors refused, and munity spread to Kiel joined in protest by the workers
  • Worker’s and Soldier’s Council was set up; political associations that supported SOCIALISM – spread throughout country
  • Appearance of councils result of frustration, war weariness and increased demand of democracy, freedom of speech, release of political prisoners, immediate end of war and removal of Kaiser
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14
Q

KAISER ABDICTATION

A
  • 9th November 1918
  • Kaiser Wilhelm II
  • To Holland
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15
Q

DEMOCRATIC WEIMAR REPUBLIC

A
  • Autocratic to Democratic
  • Berlin too violent for Parliament to be held there
  • Extreme Left; Communist (working class)
  • Extreme Right; Nazi’s (middle/rural class)
  • Democracy was NEW to Germany; elections for government
  • New German parliament responsible to all the people, drew up NEW constitution to preserve democracy and liberties/rights of people
  • Included; women’s right to vote (still denied in US/UK)
  • 1919, Germany one of the most democratic states in the world
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16
Q

WEIMAR CONSTITUTION

A
  • Approved in July 1919
  • Guaranteed basic rights; all Germans equal before the law and personal liberty, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of association and freedom of religion
  • Had the right to form trade unions
  • Private property guaranteed
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17
Q

THE REICHSTAG

A
  • German Parliament
  • Two Houses
  • Reichsrat (represents the German states_
  • LOWER (represented German people) held immense power
  • Members of the Reichstag elected every 4 years (voting age 20)
  • Chancellor and Ministers appointed by President
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18
Q

EBERT GOVERNMENT

A
  • 9th November, chancellor Prince Max von Baden stepped down
  • Handed government to Ebert, leader of Social Democratic Party (SDP)
  • Germany became a REPUBLIC
  • Threat to Ebert’s government from the radical/extreme left of the spectrum (Spartacists) and right wing
  • Friedrich Ebert first president of Weimar Republic (1919-1925) after winning January 1919 free electrons
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19
Q

THE ARMISTICE

A
  • 6 November President Wilson informed German government that Allies were prepared to grant an armistice
  • 11 November at 5am German representatives signed armistice in Paris
  • WW1 ended at 11am November 11
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20
Q

SPARTACIST UPRISING IN BERLIN

A
  • January 1919
  • Extreme left; the Spartacists League
  • Leaders; Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg
  • Karl Max ideology; COMMUNISM
  • Spartacists wanted counter-revolution to overthrow Ebert government
  • 30 December 1918; Communist Party of Germany
  • Seized buildings in Berlin (railway station, office of socialist newspaper
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21
Q

THE FRIEKORPS

A
  • December 1918 appointed Gustav Noske to be Defence Minister
  • Noske, saw the Freikorps as reliable (over army) to counter left threat
  • Volunteer groups of ex-soldiers who formed themselves into independent military groups under former officers
  • Totally opposed to Communism
  • Politically unreliable, saw threat of communist as a more immediate danger
  • Used brutality, were thugs and put down Spartacists’ uprising
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22
Q

THE FRIEKORPS VS THE SPARTACISTS

A
  • 3 day fighting on the streets of Berlin was won by the Freikorps
  • 100 Spartacists killed, others arrested
  • Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg were arrested and murdered
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23
Q

SPARTACIST UPRISING IN BAVARIA

A
  • Communist rebellion in Bavaria (south Germany)
  • Bavaria was an independent Socialist state
  • Led by Kurt Eisner (Ebert’s ally)
  • Eisner was murdered by political opponents in February 1919
  • Communist declared a Soviet Republic in Bavaria
  • The Freikorps moved in, crushing revolt in May 1919
  • 600 Communists killed
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24
Q

KAPP PUTSCH

A
  • Ebert faced opposition from right win
  • Right Wing opponents grew up in a Kaiser Germany
  • Liked dictatorial style of government
  • Liked Germany having a strong army
  • March 1920
  • Dr. Wolfgang Kapp led 5000 Freikorps into Berlin
  • Kapp Putsch
  • Putsch; to overthrow/rebellion
  • Army refused to fire on the Freikorps
  • Government saved by workers; declared general strike (no transport, power, water)
  • Kapp realized he couldn’t succeed and left, he was hunted down and imprisoned
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25
Q

HYPERINFLATION

A
  • Extreme or rapid inflation of the German economy
  • November 1923
  • No goods to trade, printed money
  • Money was WORTHLESS
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26
Q

INFLATION

A
  • Increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money
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27
Q

CAUSES OF G HYPER INFLATION

A
  • T/V
  • Revolutions
  • Money Printing
  • War Damage
  • France’s Actions
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28
Q

WAR DAMAGE - H/I

A
  • Industry
  • Infrastructure sound
  • Germany pay for devastation in Belgium and France (significant destruction)
  • France, Belgium and British had own reparations to US to pay off
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29
Q

MONEY PRINTING - H/I

A
  • Devalue money
  • Worthless
  • Government printed it to pay debts
  • Insufficient money to meet reparations, wages and war pensions
  • ‘Wheelbarrow wages’
  • Wages paid daily/hourly in copious amounts
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30
Q

TREATY OF VERSAILLES REPAYMENTS

A
  • 6 600 million paid in annual installments
  • Protested that this was an intolerable strain on the economy
  • First installment of 50 million paid in 1921
  • Second installment WASN’T PAID
  • In retaliation, the Occupation of the Ruhr occurred
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31
Q

1923 OCCUPATION OF THE RUHR VALLEY

A
  • Occupation of the Ruhr Valley
  • 2 ½ years
  • Ruhr Valley: rich in raw materials (coal, ¾ of steel)
  • January 1923, French and Belgian troops
  • G failed repayment: occupied and took materials as payment (for their own repayments) of both raw and manufactures goods
  • Troops marched non-essential workers out of area
  • Occupation LEGAL according to T/V
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32
Q

PASSIVE RESISTENCE OF THE RUHR

A
  • Occupation of the Ruhr led to PASSIVE RESISTENCE by Germany
  • Encouraged trade unions to organize strike in Ruhr
  • Freeze industrial production
  • Delayed French confiscation of resources
  • French reacted, killing 100 workers and expelling 100 000 protestors
  • Halt in production caused COLLAPSE of Germany currency
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33
Q

NEW GOVERNMENT 1923

A
  • August 1923
  • Gustav Stresemann 1923-1929
  • Called off passive resistance in Ruhr
  • Replaced currency with Rentenmark
  • Right Winger (had more support than Ebert)
  • Built up Germanys’ prosperity
  • 1927, industry recovered, exports increased, increase in cultural achievement (artists, writers and poets flourished
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34
Q

1920’S GOLDEN AGE OF GERMAN CINEMA

A
  • Berlin famous for daring and liberated night life
  • Kaiser; censorship
  • Weimar; removed censorship
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35
Q

DAWES PLAN

A
  • Stresemann government negotiated with US
  • To receive loans
  • Reparation payments to be paid back over time
  • Kick start economy/stability
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36
Q

GERMANY IN LEAGUE OF NATIONS

A
  • Signed 1925 Locarno Treaty

- Guaranteeing to NOT change German western border with France and Belgium

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37
Q

YOUNG PLAN

A
  • 1929
  • Lighten burden of reparations
    RESULT
  • Evacuation of Rhineland by British, French and Belgian troops
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38
Q

MUNICH PUTSCH

A
  • 8th of November, Hitler hijacked local government meeting to announce he was taking over the government of Bavaria
  • Ludendorff joined Hitler and the Nazi’s
  • Nazi storm troopers began to take over office buildings
  • 16 Nazis were killed
  • Ludendorff arrested, Hitler escaped
  • SHORT TERM: Munich Putsch was a disaster
  • Hitler was arrested, charged with treason
  • Hitler gained publicity for himself and his ideologies
  • Given 5 years in prison, and only served 9 months
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39
Q

MEIN KAMPF

A
  • Written in prison
  • Clarified and presents his ideas for Germany
  • Nazi’s would not be able to seize power by force
  • Use democracy to destroy democracy
  • After release, rebuilt the Nazi Party; recruitment drives and youth organisations
    5 MAIN BELIEFS
  • NATIONAL SOCIALISM; loyalty to Germany, racial purity, equality and state control of the economy
  • RACISM; Aryan’s supremacy (Master Race), Jews especially were inferior
  • ARMED FORCE; War and struggle were essential to Aryans healthy development
  • LEBENSRASUM; expansion needed, mainly at the expensive of Russia and Poland
  • THE FUHRER; Democracy and debate produce weakness, strength lay in the loyalty to a single leader (the Fuhrer)
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40
Q

THE NAZI PARTY 1924 – 1928

A
  • 1924 Reichstag elections (first time) and won 32 seats
  • 1924 5% of the seats in parliament
  • 1928 decrease less than 2% in parliament
  • Smallest Party
  • Stresemann’s successful government made Germany uninterested in extreme policies
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41
Q

THE NAZI PARTY 1929

A
  • 1929 US Stock Market Crash = Great Depression
  • Germany affected, US asked German banks to repay borrowed money (previously lent)
  • Economic collapse in Germany (unemployment rocketed, bankruptcy)
  • Germany was dependent on US loans
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42
Q

HITLERS (4) IDEAS ATTRACTIVE

A
  • Strong Leader
  • Remove Treaty of Versailles
  • Unemployed to join army, rearm Germany and use in PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAMS
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43
Q

THE NAZI 25 POINTS

A
  • Attractive to vulnerable to the Depression; UNEMPLOYED, ELDERLY, MIDDLE CLASS
  • Hitler blamed ALLIES, NOVEMBER CRIMINALS AND JEWS
  • No new messages/policies
  • Attractive as democratic parties couldn’t kick start economy
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44
Q

THE NAZI PARTY 1930 – 1932

A
  • 1930 elections 107 seats
  • 1932 elections nearly 300
  • 1930/1932 Biggest single party
45
Q

INDUSTRIALISTS - NAZI PARTY

A
  • Nazi’s opposed to Communism, gained support of INDUSTRIALISTS
  • Worried about growing power of trade unions
  • Wanted government that would control, not support trade unions
  • Didn’t want workers to have full power
46
Q

MIDDLE CLASS - NAZI PARTY

A
  • Nazi government would prevent another 1923 hyperinflation
47
Q

EX SERVICE MEN - NAZI PARTY

A
  • Attracted to their commitment to REARMAMENT
48
Q

UNEMPLOYED

A
  • Nazi Party would do something about unemploymen
49
Q

APPEALING TO THE MASSES

A
  • Joseph Goebbels; huge rallies, whipping crowds into hysteria
  • Communication; films, radios, spoken to bring message to masses
  • Unemployed; given food and shelter in Nazi hostels, then became apart of SA
50
Q

RUNNING FOR PRESIDENCY 1932

A
  • Lost to Hindenburg
  • 13 million to 19 million (Hindenburg)
  • Raised profile hugely
51
Q

WEAKNESSES IN WEIMAR SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT

A
  • Democratic as possible
  • Difficult for one group to govern effective
    ➢ President appointed the Chancellor
    ➢ Proportional Representation (PR) made it hard to gain seats in Reichstag to govern for more than a few months
    ➢ Chancellors needed backing of other parties, but wasn’t consistent
    ➢ Chancellors appointed out of friendship, other parties suspicious
    ➢ 1929 Great Depression disabled unemployment to be solved by democratic means, turned to EMERGENCY POWERS
52
Q

HITLER BECOMING CHANCELLOR IN 1933

A

JULY 1932
- Nazi’s were the largest single party
- 1932; Hitler demanded to be Chancellor from Hindenburg, but was refused due to suspicions
- 1932; Franz von Papen Chancellor
NOVEMBER 1932
- Franz von Papen had no support in Reichstag, resulted in another election
- Nazi’s still largest, but vote lowered
- Lost 34 seats, 2 million votes
- Hindenburg appointed Kurt von Schleicher (over Hitler)
DECEMBER 1932
- Kurt von Schleicher forced to resign
- Weimar Government wasn’t working
- Hindenburg with EMERGENCY POWERS had already overthrown democracy principles
JANUARY 1933
- Hindenburg and Von Papen met with industrialists, army leaders and politicians
- 30th January; offered Hitler Chancellor position
- Small majority of Nazi members in cabinet, and von Papen

53
Q

THE ENABLING ACT

A

FEBRUARY 1933
- 27th February the Reichstag burnt down
- Hitler blamed COMMUNSIST ‘beginning of another uprising’
- Hitler demanded special emergency powers to deal with situation, given by Hindenburg
- Powers were used to arrest Communists, break up meetings and frighten voters
- May have been foul play by Nazi’s
MARCH 1933 ELECTIONS
- Won largest share of votes
- Overall majority
- Passed ENABLING ACT; make laws for 4 years without consulting the Reichstag
- Hitler was dictator of Germany
- Achieved position by ELECTORAL SUCCESS

54
Q

THE NIGHT OF THE LONG KNIVES

A

DATE; 30th June 193

  • SS took SA leaders by surprise in coordinated activity in Berlin, Munich
  • Rohm and leaders arrested and accused of PLOTTING TO OVERTHROW THE STATE
  • von Schleicher killed (critic of Hitler and formed Chancellor)
  • Hitler accused Rohm of treason and murder
  • 200 + killed
  • Major step in strengthening Hitler’s power
  • Hitler had put down threat of SA, and satisfied army
  • THREAT OF SA
  • SA helped Nazi’s come to power
  • Leader; Ernest Rohm
  • 1934; 3 million
  • Larger than Germany army
  • Seen as a threat and rival by German army
  • Consisted of lower middle class and unemployed
  • By 1934; threat to Nazi regime
  • Rohm believed they should be the MAIN army
  • Wanted army to be incorporated in SA, him as ultimate leader
55
Q

HITLER’S RELATIONSHIP WITH THE ARMY - KNIVES

A
  • Needed support of German army, which had power to crush his dictatorship whenever it pleased
  • Rohm and Sa wanted to replace German army
  • Alarmed Hitler as SA was loyal to Rohm, not Hitler
  • Hitler promised and gained support through ‘restore to former glory’ which included restricted army by TREATY OF VERSAILLES
56
Q

ARMY - KNIVES

A
  • Sympathetic to Nazi movement
  • Tempted by promises of rearmament and restoring Germany’s honor and military tradition
  • Suspicious of SA
  • Not involved in elimination of the SA
  • June 25 commander of army placed army on alert and ordered ALL troops confided to barracks
57
Q

HITLER - KNIVES

A
  • SA thug behaviour threated his political survival and Nazi Germany ideal
  • Hitler alarmed with Rohm
  • To take position as commander-in-chief of armed forces when Hindenburg died he needed backing of ARMY NOT SA
  • Essential for army loyalty to be with Hitler, at the price of SA
  • Feared Rohm’s control
58
Q

FEBRUARY 1934 - KNIVES

A
  • Hitler attended meeting with SA and Army leaders; Rohm
  • Informed SA that it wasn’t going to be a military force – limited to political functions
  • Rohm agreed and signed agreement
  • After meeting, Rohm announced that he was against it, calling Hitler a traitor – go on without him
59
Q

SS - KNIVES

A
  • Led by Heinrich Himmler
  • Loyal to Hitler personally
  • Elimination of Rohm and leaders of SA was work of Goring and Himmler
  • Operation Hummingbird
60
Q

APRIL 1934 - KNIVES

A
  • Hitler met with navy leaders
  • Arranged with the military leaders that Hitler would deal with SA for armed forces support to Hitler
  • Assured that armed forces would be ‘sole bearer of arms’ in the Reich
61
Q

JUNE 1934 - KNIVES

A
  • Meeting with the ailing president
  • Defense Minister von Blombeg, Hindenburg told Hitler that unless the government resolved the tension the present would declare martial law and hand government to army
  • 21 June, Hindenburg gave approval for action against SA leadership
62
Q

JUSTIFICATION OF ACTIONS - KNIVES

A
  • Hitler claimed he was forced to move to foil a plot to overthrow the government and that his actions were necessary
  • TREASON
63
Q

CONSQUENCES OF THE NIGHT OF THE LONG KNIVES

A
  • Hindenburg thanked Hitler for; determination, nipped treason in the bud’
  • Army satisfied
  • Weakened SA so that it couldn’t break free of Nazi control or threaten leadership
  • Hitler had no oppositions
  • SS replaced SA
  • Army increased in numbers
64
Q

GLEISCHALTUNG

A
  • The process by which the Nazi regime successively established a system of total control and co-ordination of all aspects of society.
  • The government’s desire for total control impelled it to function as the only influence on society
  • (theoretically) to build a classless society a Volksgemeinschaft = people with same ideals; anti-individualism, individual exists only for the good of the Nazi state (e.g. Goebbels once said: “You are nothing; the Volk (people) is everything”)
65
Q

FUHRER PRINCIPLE

A
  • Following without questioning of authority
  • One strong leader
  • Personal sacrifice for the sake of the ruler and the ruling government
  • Expressed in the ENABLING ACT OF 1933 (granting dictorial powers and disbanded parliament) E.g. German solider takes an oath not to uphold the constitution as in a democracy, but loyally to the Fuhrer
66
Q

POLITICAL PARTIES

A
  • One Party system
  • No free elections
  • Power rests in the Nazi Party
67
Q

SA - G

A
  • Storm troopers
  • Private army used during 1920’s and 1930’s to whip up support for Nazi Party
  • Use violence to break up political meetings of opposite parties
  • ‘Encouraged’ … threatened citizens to vote the Nazi Party
  • After 1933, SA became too powerful (resulting in Night of Long Knives)
  • Hitler recognised if Germany were to go to war, it would need the support of the traditional army
68
Q

SS - G

A
  • Established to raise a generation of specially trained men who would follow orders without question
  • Participated as the Einstagruppen (Special Forces), and were responsible for mass executions in front of open pit graves of Jewish and political dissidents
  • Many were concentration camp commanders
69
Q

FOREIGN OFFICE - G

A
  • Civil servants and carer diplomats in foreign office carried out Nazi policy international
  • Negotiated with governments under Nazi control for the deportation of Jews to CC (France, Holland, Hungary, Greece, Italy)
70
Q

RELIGION - G

A
  • Strong pull towards substituting organised religion for the Nazi belief system in which Hitler was viewed as a Christ-like saviour of Germany
  • Attempt (which failed) to substitute in Catholic schools, the picture of Christ and the crucifix with a picture of Hitler and the Nazi Swastika
71
Q

ANTI SEMITISM - G

A
  • Became an official Nazi policy—belief in Jews as belonging to a race, which, like a bacterium or disease, wanted to destroy the pure, noble Aryan race
72
Q

INFERIORITY OF THE PHYSICALLY AND MENTALLY HANDICAPPED - G

A
  • Became outsiders of Germany society
  • 1939 Euthanasia Policy
  • Murdered in state-run ‘Mercy-Killing’ centres
73
Q

THE LEGAL SYSTEM - G

A
  • Judges and Lawyers all to conform to Nazi doctrine
  • E.g. Nuremberg Laws of 1935
  • Establishment of PEOPLES COURT; judgements handed down by judges determined by Nazi Policy
  • German lawyers and judges who were directly working for the government were civil servants before Hitler took control of Germany and most remained faithful civil servants after Hitler came to power
74
Q

MEDIA

A
  • Censorship of literature (book burning), film, visual and performing arts
  • Creation of a Reich Chamber of Culture which defined what was “good, acceptable” art; Jewish artists—musicians, writers, painters were no longer allowed to practice their craft
  • Newspapers could only print pro-government opinions
  • Anti-Semitism becomes recurring theme of articles and cartoons in Nazi daily newspaper party
  • Radio was used as propaganda tool as well as films (e.g., The Eternal Jew)
  • Goebbels becomes Minister of Propaganda, an extremely important position in a dictatorship
75
Q

TEACHERS - G

A
  • The Nazi’s infiltrated the institutions with the Nazi teachers union; Nationalsozialistcher Lehrerbund (National Socialist Teachers League/NSLB)
  • Pro-Nazi teachers replaced the Jewish or politically unreliable teachers
  • 1937 97% of teachers were members of the National Socialist Teachers League
  • 1933 Law For The Re-Establishment Of The Professional Civil Service
  • Principals and teachers who did not follow Nazi dogma were dismissed
  • Jewish professors lose their university positions; Jewish students barred from the German university
76
Q

CURRICULUMN - G

A
  • Napola Schools (controlled by the SS)
  • Adolf Hitler Schools (highly selective, for the elite)
  • Schooling wasn’t devised to education, but to indoctrinate
  • Individual intelligence wasn’t valued
  • The purpose was to reinforce the Nazi concepts and ideologies
  • Create an everlasting, dedicated nation
  • There was more emphasis on the loyalty to Hitler than academia
  • The Education Ministry determined curriculum
  • Emphasized the superiority of the German nation, the Aryan race and the inferiority of any group or individual who did not conform to pre-determined, Nazi standards. (e.g., physical fitness was emphasized—a healthy body became a prerequisite for a healthy
  • Gender specific schools were implemented – significant and different roles in Reich
77
Q

SUBJECTS - G

A
  • Less emphasis on Math and Science, and the Nazi’s focused mainly on History, Geography, and Physical Education
  • Mandatory Racial Studies RASSENKUNDA; designed to enlighten children on the supremacy of the Aryan race
  • All subjects: biology, history, literature, even math (e.g. word problems with a racial theme) had a racial component
  • HISTORY educated students on a glorified version of Germany’s past; focusing on military conquests, Germanic heroes and political leaders
  • GEOGRAPHY taught LEBENSRAUM; expansion ‘living space’, the unfairness of the Treaty of Versailles and the European borders Germany deserved.
78
Q

YOUTH ORGANISATIONS - G

A
  • Compulsory Youth Organisations were implemented by the Nazi Party to further instill utter devotion and loyalty to the Nazi regime in December 1936.
  • All other youth organisations were banned
  • Greater emphasis on these Nazi youth organisations over school
  • Lectures were given about German’s heroic past and its glorious future
  • Traditional German folk songs and new Nazi patriotic songs were sung around campfires and were spiritually effective indoctrination tools
  • Attractive to children would gain a sense of achievement and kinship to the nation and to their peers
  • Created conformity and obedient Nazi members
  • Indoctrination of ideologies
79
Q

YOUTH ORGANISATIONS – MALE G

A
  • The Hitler Youth was established in 1922, but (wasn’t successful until 1930’s)
  • 1937 had over 5 million members
  • 1939 with membership exceeding 7.2 million.
  • Aimed to control and shape the nation
  • The boys were tested on their endurance; run 60 metres in 12 seconds
  • Completed combat training, hiking and orienteering
  • They were required to go to lectures and instructional sessions to learn Nazi ideologies; the meaning and purpose of Nazism and role as future Reich leaders
  • 3 Branches; THE PIMPF (Little Fellow) 6-10, DETSCHES JUNGVOLK (Young People) 1-14, HITLER JUGEND (Hitler Youth) 14-18
80
Q

YOUTH ORGANSATIONS – FEMALE G

A
  • 3 Branches; JUNGMADELBUND (League of Young Girls) 10-14, BUND DEUTSCHER MADEL (League of German Girls) 14-18, GLAUBE UN SCHOHEIT (Faith and Beauty) 18-20
  • Faith and Beauty compulsory in 1939
  • Only accepted racially pure girls
  • Prepared for a domestic future as mothers and homemakers
  • Classes; grooming, hair and make up, needlework, German traditions, Nazi ideologies and values
  • Participated in physical activity e.g. Calisthenics.
  • ‘Perfect German women’,
  • Duty was for their bodies to belong to the nation a
  • Importance their role as mothers was.
  • 1935, over 1.5 million girls were members of the League of German Girls
81
Q

BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY - G

A
  • Hitler saw necessity of big business
  • Valued for war
  • Extermination of the Jews
  • THE KRUPP INDUSTRY; military weaponry
  • E.G. FARBEN; chemical company, produced Zylkon B (gas chambers)
  • Construction companies hired to build camps and gas chambers
    TRADE UNIONS
  • Outlawed and no worker or organization was permitted to strike; unions were considered to be Communist controlled
  • Banned in May 1933
  • Deutsche Arbeitsfront (DAF) replaced them
    THE GERMAN RAILROAD’S PARTICPATION IN GENOCIDE
  • Example of ‘business as usual’ mentality of Nazi perpetrators
  • The SS had contracts to transport Jews and undesirables to CC’s
  • The Jews had to pay for their own transportation
  • Referred to as ‘resettlement’
    BANKING INVOLVEMENT IN GENOCIDE
  • Worked closely with Finance Ministry
  • Accepted confiscated Jewish money from Nazi controlled or closed down businesses
  • Everything Aryanised
  • Gold-teeth taken from prisoners before they were gassed/burned was melted down and deposited in German banks
    PROFESSIONALS INVOLVEMENT IN GENOCIDE
  • DOCTORS; Nazi Euthanasia Policy, conducted experiments on prisoners from CC, determined who would die immediately in gas chambers or live temporarily
  • CHEMISTS & ENGINEERS & ARCHITECTS designed gas chambers
  • PHYSICISTS; worked on experimental weapons
82
Q

FAMILY

A
  • Large families encouraged

- Mothers with 5+ given medals and front row seats in May Day Parade

83
Q

WOMEN/MOTHERS

A
  • Excluded from authority and responsibility; politically and academia
  • Inferior and Weak
  • Role; producing racially pure children, good mothers
  • Cook, clean
  • Keep themselves healthy and beautiful for their husband
  • Role encouraged throughout education
  • IDEAL WOMEN; women were to NOT: work, wear trousers, wear make up, wear high heeled shoes, dye or perm hair or go on slimming diets
  • Traditional roles, pleased by some
  • Women against this sent to CC
84
Q

LAW FOR THE ENCOURAGEMENT OF MARRIAGE

A
  • July 5th 1933 enacted
  • Intentions; increase birth rate
  • Stated newly married couples given loans (1000) in vouchers
  • To qualify; women give up careers – become housewives
  • Loan reduced by 25% per child
  • 1934; 224 619 granted loan
  • 1939; 43% marriages supported by this
  • Successive, increasing birth date and decreasing women employment
  • Contributed towards goal of a racially pure nation
85
Q

MOTHER CROSS’

A
  • Achievement medal for having children
  • Given out 12th August (Hitler’s mothers birthday)
  • Gold; 8+ children
  • Silver; 6+ children
  • Bronze; 4+
  • Praised for mother efforts
  • Glorified role, encouraging women
  • Entitled to rights; additional ration cards, jumping to the front of the line in shops
86
Q

LEBENSBORN ‘FOUNTAIN OF LIFE’

A
  • Himmler directed, 1935
  • Reverse birth rate decline
  • Build empire of Aryan nation
  • Abortions ILLEGAL
  • Birth control discouraged
  • Lebensborn created safer environment for women to have children in secret
  • ‘Giving a child to the Fuhrer’
  • Women fell pregnant to SS men OUTSIDER of marriage
  • Women has to prove Aryan background; 3 generations (blonde hair, blue eyes)
  • 40% passed
  • 1939, 27 Lebensborn homes in Europe
  • 1939, 58% were unmarried, by 1940 70% were unmarried
87
Q

HILTER ON UNEMPLOYMENT

A
  • 1933, 6 million unemployment
  • Implemented labour policies that simultaneously strengthened economy
  • Major public works programs; building and repairing roads
  • 1933-1939 polices resulted in extreme drop in unemployment employment
  • Women forced out of employment … drop in unemployment
  • 1935, 500 00 sent to CC …drop in unemployment
  • Conscription in 1935 … drop in unemployment
  • Military rearmament created masses of jobs
88
Q

SINTI AND ROMA (GYPSIES)

A
  • Considered socio-racial problem
  • Anti social and unproductive
  • Alien blood
  • Identified on physical characteristics and lifestyle
  • Carried blood that was impure and had criminal characteristics
  • Sterilized and sent to concentration camps
89
Q

JEHOVAH WITNESSES’

A
  • Refused to swear loyalty to new government
  • Refusal seen as opposing authority, effort in converting the news of the nation
  • 1933, Nazi’s outlawed JW practices
  • Sent to CC ‘undermining the moral of the nation’
  • Not considered ‘good Germans’
90
Q

HOMOSEXUALS

A
  • CC, killed or sterilized
  • Criminal Code (Section 1975)
  • Weak and unable to fight
  • Offensive to Nazi goal
91
Q

DISABLED

A
  • Posed threat to healthy, racially pure nation
  • 1933-1939 200 000 – 350 000 sterilized
  • Euthanasia Program 1939
92
Q

1933-34 JEWS

A
  • January 39th Hitler Chancellor
  • Implemented racial ideologies
  • 1933; less than 1% of nation were Jews (500 000)
  • April 1933; Germans told to abstain from Jewish businesses
  • VILIFICATION; inciting Germans to hate and fear Jews
  • Deliberate attempts through propaganda
  • Unemployment; civil servants, lawyers, teachers
  • Untermensch; inferior sub humans
  • April 1933; the Law Against the Overcrowding of German Schools
  • September 1933; the Hereditary Farm Law
  • Jews real figurehead of discrimination
  • Removed from elite sporting teams and academia
93
Q

1935 NUREMBERG LAWS JEWS

A

NUREMBERG LAWS

  • 15th September 1935 enacted
  • Isolate Jews
  • Jews identified as a separate, inferior race
  • Outlawed as German citizens
  • Restricted from interracial sexual relationships and marriage
  • Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour; restricted marriage
  • The Reich Citizenship Law; Jews as subjects
  • Law for the Protection of the Genetic Health of the German People; medical examination to marry, qualified with a Certificate of Fitness to Marry enabled marriage license
  • November 1935; definition of a Jew
  • Jew; anyone descended from at least 3 racially pure Jewish grandparents or 2 Jewish parents
  • Charts issues; Jews from Mischlinge (mixed race Germans)
  • Increased political and government backed persecution through discrimination
  • Anti-Jewish signs placed in public facilities
  • More hate-propaganda
94
Q

1936 JEWS

A
  • 1936 Berlin Olympics
  • Decreased discrimination
  • Nazi’s wanted to make Germany look carefree and harmonious
  • Few Jewish athletes partook in Olympic games
95
Q

1937 JEWS

A
  • To compensate for 1936 cease, radicalized discrimination in 1937
  • Attacks by SA and SS legitimized by state
  • Banned from professional jobs
  • No political or government roles
  • Restricted from entertaining public places
  • Separate park benches
  • Identity papers; compulsory marked with a red ‘J’
96
Q

1938 JEWS

A
  • Signs ‘Jews are not wanted here’ and ‘The Jews are our misfortune’
  • No longer allowed at public swimming pools, health insurance or be doctors
  • August 1938; Jews required to add ‘Israel’ and ‘Sarah’ to their middle names
  • Stripped of real identity
  • Pests, disease rather than race
  • Initial separation clear
  • Banning of Jewish children from German schooling
  • No power, no wealth or rights
97
Q

1938 NIGHT OF BROKEN GLASS

A
  • November 9th 1938
  • Kristallnacht
  • Systematic attacks on the Jews
  • Extreme violence
  • 100 Jews murdered, 20 000 males sent to CC
  • 1000’s of businesses ransacked
  • Response to the murder of Nazi diplomat by Jewish teenager in France
  • Destruction carried out by SA and SS, lead by Goebbels
  • Reparations of 30 million Reichsmarks
  • Fined 1 billion Reichsmarks
98
Q

1939 JEWS

A
  • Started of WW2
  • Persecution became progressively worse
  • Policies more radical
  • No longer allowed out after 8pm
  • Germany took control of: Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia
99
Q

THE FINAL SOLUTION

A
  • Plan to exterminate Jewish race, wipe them out of Germany (Europe)
  • 1942, Jews in Germany and occupied areas moved to the east
  • Wannsee Conference of 1942, Final solution decided
  • Gas chambers built (‘shower rooms’)
  • Zylkon B
  • Auschwitz-Birkenau, Belzec, Sobibor and Treblinka
  • Extermination camps in east, easy railway access, hidden from nation as Nazi’s knew this was inhumane, annihilation of the race
  • Closed in November 1944
  • 6 million Jews killed during the Holocaust
100
Q

VON PAPEN

A
  • Chancellor
  • Hitler wanted to be appointed Chancellor.
  • Hindenburg supported Von Papen
  • The Reichstag decided to hold a vote to decide whether or not they would also support Von Papen as Chancellor.
101
Q

THALMANN

A
  • leader of the Communist Party of Germany during much of the Weimar Republic
102
Q

SOCIAL DEMOCRATS

A
  • centre left
  • social democracy
  • played a central role in the formation of the Weimar Republic
103
Q

NAZISM VS COMMUNISM

A
  • Communism is a socio economic ideology that aims at a classless, egalitarian, and a stateless society
  • Nazism is a totalitarian ideology that was practised by the Nazi Party
  • Nazism became so popular under Adolf Hitler
  • Communist ideology can be attributed to Karl Marx and Fredrick Engels.
  • Communism stands for a free society where all are equal and every one can participate in the decision making process
  • Nazism stands for socialist policies but also ensures that a wealthy class stays at the helm of power.
  • Communism left
  • Nazism right
104
Q

PROHIBITION START

A
  • 18th Amendment; banned the manufacture, transportation and sale of intoxicating liquors
  • JAN 16 1919
  • Increased the illegal manufacture and sale of liquor
  • Rise in violent gangs
  • Result of Temperance Movement
105
Q

PROHIBITION END

A
  • December 5th 1933
  • Violent gangs
  • Criminal activity
  • 21st Amendment
106
Q

WHY PROHIBITION WAS INTRODUCED

A
  • NATIONAL MOOD; when America entered the war in 1917 the national mood also turned against drinking alcohol. The Anti-Saloon League argued that drinking alcohol was damaging American society.
  • PRACTICAL; a ban on alcohol would boost supplies of important grains such as barley.
  • RELIGIOUS; the consumption of alcohol went against God’s will.
  • MORAL; many agreed that it was wrong for some Americans to enjoy alcohol while the country’s young men were at war
107
Q

WHY PROHIBITION FAILED

A
  • There weren’t enough Prohibition agents to enforce the law (1,500 in 1920)
  • The size of America’s boundaries made it hard for these agents to control smuggling by bootleggers.
  • The low salary paid to the agents made it easy to bribe them.
  • Many Americans never gave their support to Prohibition and were willing to drink in speakeasies
  • Bars that claimed to sell soft drinks, but served alcohol behind the scenes.
  • Gangsters such as Al Capone made money from organised crime.
  • Protection rackets, organised crime and gangland murders were more common during Prohibition than when alcohol could be bought legally
108
Q

WHY PROHIBITION LED TO CRIME

A
  • created an enormous public demand for illegal alcohol.
  • Al Capone and Bugs Moran battled for control of Chicago’s of speakeasies
  • Capone claimed that he was only a businessman, but between 1927 and 1930 more than 500 gangland murders took place.
  • St Valentine’s Day massacre in 1929
  • Capone was imprisoned for income-tax evasion and died from syphilis in 1947.
  • estimated that $2,000 million worth of business was transferred from the brewing industry and bars to bootleggers and gangsters

Modern History (7 decks)

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