End of term test - plan105 Flashcards

Question

what are georefrenceing concepts

Answer 1

- Georefrencing: methods to accuratly link geographic features to locations at or near the earths surface - Common types of geoprefrences ○ Place names ○ Postal cides ○ Linear refrences ○ Coordinates Georefrences as measurements - Some are only nomial - Some are based on some form of ordering - Some georefrecnes are metric (interval) Georefrencing and GIS - Considering latitude and longeture ○ Comprehensive ○ Persistent ○ Uniqueness: no duplicate locations ○ Metric: allows distance and bearing

Answer 2

scale, projection, spatial relationship, generalization, symbolization, and data modeling

Answer 3

- A thematic map in which areas are distinctly colored or shaded relative to the value of a variable - Widely used ○ easy to create ○ can be easy to interpret (and to misinterpret!) - Data are aggregated to areal units ○ Typically, political or administrative areas such as census tracts, counties, health unit zones ○ Choice of areal unit is critical § Different patterns may emerge as: □ spatial unit size changes or □ space is subdivided in different ways ○ Potential for misinterpretation § Data often assumed to be distributed uniformly across a single spatial unit Large units can dominate the perceived pattern

Answer 4

the process of organizing data by relevant categories so that it may be used more efficently

Answer 5

- The linkages between spatial features (points, lines, areas, grid cells) and attributes allows: ○ Attributes queries that use the characteristics of spatial features ○ Vector data: attributes are stored in associate database table Spatial queries: use geographic relationships between spatial features

Answer 6

Fomative: intend to strengthen/improve the object being evaluated - Process oriented - Efficiency focus - Streghten the plan being evaluated in that they for it by examining… - Program delievery - Qualtiy of implementation - Organizational cintext, personnel, and procedures - Used to refine the process, give feedback early in implementation proccess - Includes: - Needs assessment: determines who needs the program, how great the need is, and what might work to meet the need - Evaluability assessment: determines wheather an evaluation is feasible and how stakeholders can help shape its usefulness - Sturctured conceptualization: helps stakeholders define the program or technology, the target population, and the possible outcomes § How should national development progress be monitired and evaluated § Need for stakeholder buy-in - Implementation evaluation - Monitors the fidelity of the program r technology delivery - Process evaluation § Invesitagtes the process of deleivering the program or tech, including alt delivery procdedures

Answer 7

Summative evaluations, in contrast examine the outcomes and/or effects of a given object - Examine the outcomes and/or effects of a plan - they summarize it by - Describing what happens after the delivery of the program - If goals and objectives have been met as intended - Determining associated causal effects - Estimating the relative costs - Outcome evaluations: investigate wheather the program or tech caused deonstrable effects on specifically defined target outcomes - Impact evaluation: broader and assess the overall or net effects - Cost-effectoveness and cost-benefit analysis: adress questions of efficency by standardizing outcomes in terms of their dollar costs and values

Answer 8

ongoing collection and analysis of data about trends and activites that could affect the plans performance

Answer 9

- Indicators: provide quantitive and/or qualitive data that demonstrates trends and patterns

Answer 10

- Evidence-based or data-driven approaches to urban management - Many smart city projects - Sector-specific iniatives - Few ground up smart cities - Opperational efficiency driven by high resolution data streams New Data Sources - "instrumentation of cities" and citizens - Massive amounts of hyper-local time-stamped data - Stationary sensors - Mobile sensors - Big data is often the "exhaust" of other processes - Repurposed for analysis

Answer 11

1. there is no definitive formulation of a wicked problem 2. wicked problems have no stopping rule 3. solutions to wicked problems and not true or false, but good or bad 4. there is no immediate and no ultimate test of a solution to a wicked problem 5. no opertunity to trial and error a solution to a wicked problem 6. do not have a discriptable set of potential solutions 7. every wicked problem is unique 8. every wicked problem can be considered a symptom of another problem 9. The existence of a discrepancy representing a wicked problem can be explained in numerous ways. The choice of explanation determines the nature of the problem's resolution 10. the planner has no right to be wrong

Answer 12

demographic change, climate change, urbanization impacts

Answer 13

- we are running out of sand as cities are growing faster than ever before -stripping river beds which is killing everything that was there -islands are disapperaring and countries are banned from giving singapore sand - it is causing a huge black market - if we continue to consume sand at the rate that we do ○ The price will increase - supply and demand ○ People will have to get by however they can ○ People will start using cheaper sand that is not regulation, cutting corners creates real danger (ie. Earthquake example) - parrallel to the oil industry -We have built civilaization of fundamental things such as sand and oil and now we are dependant and it will be incredibly diffcult to change that.

Answer 14

- population projections inform decsions at the local, reigonal, provincal, and national scale - at national and provincial scale cohort component methods are used - they are expensive, time consuming, difficult, specific - tend to capture migratory comonenets - at the local and regional scale linar exploration or share capture models are more practical - they are less expensive, easy to explain, and less timely - do not rely on raw data - migration should not be overlooked in smaller communities.

Answer 15

- a long range of projections of population, dwelling unit, and employment for the next 30 years - covid had impacts on short term regional population growth, spending, imigration levels, and labour force - economy is rebouding since initial shock - projections are not static but evolve over time - projections are crucial for utility, transportation, housing, and other forms of long-range planning

Answer 16

- divert attention away from challenges of urbanization such as poverty and housing security - need community engagement to promote inclusion - lack of affordable housing for highway builders promoted sprawl - faults of exclusion, segregation, and persecution - when too much communication happens on internet people get lonely - data privacy concerns - future cities need intelligent design achieved through collaboration and inclusion

Answer 17

- Covers space with a matrix of regualar cells or pixels - Cells typically square; can be other space-filling shapes - Raster is used to represent phenomena that ○ Do not have distinct boundaries ○ Can be measured everywhere (in theory at least) ○ Eg. Continuous surfaces (eg. Elevation, noise) or thematic data (eg. Land use cover, soil types) Raster layers - Spaital alignment of grid cells - permits spatial queries and data integration - Concepts - rsater attributes ○ Row and column structure allows a single attribute value (usually) to be coded in each cell ○ Values can be § Integer or real to indicate a measurable quantity or intensity § Integers that represents categorical data - Raster structure ○ Cell size, representation and processing relationships

Answer 18

Rasters * are exhaustive * Only store coords. for grid corners * Discrete objects are represented as collections of one or more cells * Vectors * store only objects of interest, rest of study area is ‘empty’ * “Exact” locations (coordinates) are stored * Choice of spatial feature type depends on real world object, scale, and type of analysis