End of Chapter Questions Flashcards by Chaeli Greco

T/F: Wavelength is defined as the number of cycles per second

False

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T/F: To achieve deeper tissue penetration, the wavelength must be increased

True

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T/F: Continuous shortwave diathermy produces thermal effects

True

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T/F: Wavelength is defined as the distance between the peak of once wave and peak of the next wave

True

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Which of the following is NOT an electromagnetic energy modality?a. ultraviolet lightb. ultrasoundc. low-power laird. shortwave diathermy

b. ultrasound (this is sound energy)

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Sound or radiation waves that change direction when passing from one type of tissue to another are said toa. transmitb. absorbc. reflectd. refract

d. refract

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The ___________ states that if superficial tissue does not absorb energy, it must be transmitted deepera. Law of Grotthus-Draperb. Cosine lawc. Inverse square lawd. Arndt-Schultz principle

a. Law of Grotthus-Draper

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According to the cosine law, to minimize reflection and maximize absorption, the energy source must be at a ___________ angle to the surfacea. 45 degreeb. 90 degreec. 180 degreed. 0 degree

b. 90 degree

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Electrical stimulating currents may produce the following effects:a. muscle contractionb. net ion movementc. decrease in paind. all of the above

d. all of the above

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Thermal energy modalities generally affect superficial tissue up to _________ cm deep.a. 5 cmb. .5 cmc. 1 cmd. 10 cm

c. 1 cm

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Based on their difference characteristics, which of the following travels at greater velocity through human tissue?a. sound energyv. electromagnetic energyc. both a and b travel at the SAME rated. Neither a nor b travel through human tissue

a. sound energy

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T/F: Loss of function is a sign of the inflammatory process

True

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T/F: Leukocytes are present in both the acute and chronic inflammatory responses

False (only present during acute)

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T/F: An injured individual’s health, age, and nutrition are factors that influence healing

True

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Put the three phases of healing in order: fibroblastic-repair, inflammatory-response, maturation-remodeling

inflammatory-response2. fibroblastic-repair3. maturation-remodeling

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Which of the following type of cell has phagocytic characteristics?a. red blood cellsb. plateletsc. leukocytesd. endothelials

c. leukocytes

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The extracellular matrix, formed by fibroblastic cells, consists ofa. collagenb. elasticc. ground substanced. all of the above

d. all of the above

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During the inflammatory-response phase of the healing process, modalities are used toa. control painb. reduce swellingc. both a and bd. neither a nor b

c. both a and b

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_____________ states that bone and soft tissue remodel and realign according to the physical demands placed on them.a. Wolff’s Lawb. Ohm’s Lawc. Meissner’s Lawd. McGill’s Law

a. Wolff’s Law

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Approximately how long does the maturation-remodeling phase of the healing process last?a. less than 1 weekb. 1 weekc. 1-2 weeksd. 3 weeks to 2 years

d. 3 weeks to 2 years

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Which of the following is NOT a chemical mediator involved in the inflammatory-response phase?a. testosteroneb. histaminec. necrosind. leukotaxin

a. testosterone

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T/F: Stimulation of endothelial cell function and angiogenesis will promote healing by improving tissue oxygen perfusion

False

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T/F: Rinsing the limb after hydrotherapy tank use will help to reduce bacterial colonization on the surface of wounds.

True

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Which of the following modalities have been shown to be most likely to kill bacteria when applied to in vitro cultures of bacteria that are commonly found in chronic wounds?a. pneumatic compressionb. laserc. noncontact, nonthermal ultrasoundd. hydrotherapye. UVC

a. pneumatic compression

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Which of the following modalities help to heal wounds by removing foreign or devitalized tissues (debridement)?a. electrical stimulationb. laserc. noncontact, nonthermal ultrasoundd. hydrotherapye. UVC

c. noncontact, nontheramal ultrasound

The highest level of research evidence is available for which of the following modalities to treat pressure ulcers in people with SCI?a. negative pressure therapyb. hyperbaric oxygen therapyc. therapeutic ultrasoundd. electrical stimulationc. last therapy

d. electrical stimulation

Which physiological réponse requires the strongest electrical similes or greatest electrical charge?a. subsensoryb. submotorc. motord. noxious or painful stimulie. sensory

d. noxious or painful stimuli

Which of the following changes would promote a greater depth of penetration of an electrical signal when using mono polar electrode setup?a. increase the size of the active electrodeb. improve the conductivity of the wound packing materialc. move the dispersive electrode close to the active electroded. decrease the electrical pulse frequencye. increase the intensity of the electrical signal

e. increase the intensity of the electrical signal

Which of the following modalities require the longest application time?a. therapeutic ultrasoundb. hydrotherapy tankc. UVCd. laser

b. hydrotherapy tank

Which of the following mechanisms are believed to underlie the healing response to electrical stimulation?a. galvanotaxisb. epithelial migrationc. fibroblast proliferationd. bactericidal effectse. all of the above

e. all of the above

Which of the following modalities are not generally thought to stimulate inflammatory cell function (i.e. macrophages)a. therapeutic ultrasoundb. pneumatic compression therapyc. laserd. electrical stimulatione. hydrotherapy

b. pneumatic compression therapy

Your patient has an arterial ulcer located on the distal end of her great toe. Which of the following modalities is contraindicated?a. therapeutic ultrasoundb. pneumatic compression therapyc. heat therapyd. hydrotherapye. electrical stimulation

a. therapeutic ultrasound

T/F: Both sclerotic and radiating pain may cause pin away from the site of the disorder

True

T/F: Afferent nerve fibers conduct impulses from the brain to peripheral sites

False

T/F: Serotonin and B-endorphin affect synaptic activity

True

Which of the following is NOT a method of pain assessment?a. MPQb. Snellen testc. visual analog scalesd. numeric pain scale

b. Snellen test

Pain receptors in the body are called ___________.a. Meissner's corpusclesb. Krause's end bulbsc. Pacinian corpusclesd. nociceptors

d. nociceptors

Which of the following plays a role in transmitting sensations of pain?a. substance Pb. enkephalinc. dynorphind. serotonin

A. substance P

Stimulation of the SG occurs in the ____________ theory of pain.a. spaceb. descendingc. gate controld. enkephalin release

c. gate control

B-Endorphin, an endogenous opioid, is released from the _________.a. hypothalamusb. anterior pituitary glandc. rephe nucleausd. a and b

d. a and b

Which of the following cognitive processes may affect pain perception?a. depressionb. past pain experiencesc. both a and bd. neither a nor b

c. both a and b

T/F: Electrons tend to flow from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration

False

T/F: Insulators resist current flow

True

T/F: The greater the voltage, the greater the amplitude is

True

T/F: The cathode is the negatively charged electrode in a DC system

True

T/F: Chronaxie refers to the minimum current intensity needed for tissue excitation if applied for a maximum time

False

T/F: The electrode with the greatest current density is the active electrode

True

A particle of matter with very little mass and a negative charge is a(n)a. ionb. electronc. neutrond. proton

b. electron

What is the name of the unit measuring the force necessary to produce electron movementa. ampereb. coulombc. voltd. watt

c. volt

In ________ current, electron flow constantly changes directiona. alternatingb. directc. pulsatiled. galvanic

a. alternating

When the current increases gradually to a maximal amplitude, it is known asa. burstb. rampingc. modultiond. galvanic

b. ramping

In ____________ circuits, electrons have only one path to followa. galvanicb. parallelc. resistord. series

d. series

Physiologic response(s) to electrical current includea. thermalb. chemicalc. physiologicd. all of the above

d. all of the above

All whirlpools and tubs in a health care setting must havea. GFI (ground-fault interruptors)b. a three-pronged outletc. an insulted cordd. a waterproof motor

a. GFI

During the absolute refractory period the cell is not capable ofa. depolarizationb. an action potentialc. twitch muscle contractiond. all of the above

d. all of the above

The part of the cell responsible for transmitting messages to other cells via ionic, electrical or small molecule signals is thea. electretb. gap junctionc. dipoled. cell membrane pump

b. gap junction

To ________ current density in deeper tissue, the electrodes must be placed ________.a. increase, closerb. increase, further apartc. decrease, closerd. decrease, further apart

b. increase, further apart

Electrical stimulation may release enkphalin and endorphin to cause pain relief. What is the name of this pain control method?a. gate control theoryb. central biasing theoryc. opiate pain control theoryd. placebo effects

c. opiate pain control theory

Two currents combine and the amplitude decreases. This is calleda. destructive interferenceb. constructive interferencec. heterodyne currentd. beat current

a. destructive interference

Which of the following currents is a pulsatile biphasic wave, generated in bursts, designed to create muscle contractiona. LISb. iontophoresisc. IFCd. Russian

d. Russian

Increased blood flow between electrodes is an effect of which of the following?a. IFCb. function electrical stimulationc. LISd. medical galvanism

d. medical galvanism

T/F: Ionization is the movement of ions in solution

False

T/F: The dispersive electrode contains the ions

False (active contains ions)

T/F: pH reactions of greater than 5 are alkaline

True

Which type of current does iontophoresis produce?a. biphasicb. continuous monophasicc. polyphyasicd. pulsatile

b. continuous monophasic

What is the recommended range for iontophoresis current amplitude?a. 3-5 mAb. 5-10 mAc. 50-100 mAd. 100-150 mA

a. 3-5 mA

Chemical burn is often associated with iontophoresis and may be attributed toa. allergic reactionb. poor electrode contactc. the medicationd. continuous direct current

d. continuous direct current

Which of the following is NOT an ion used to treat inflammation?a. hydrocortisoneb. salicylatec. lidocained. dexamethasone

c. lidocaine

Skin impedance usually decreased during treatment. _______ should be decreased to avoid pain and burning.a. current intensityb. electrode sizec. treatment timed. ion dosage

a. current intensity

What problem to areas of thick fat and skin present?a. decreased ion absorptionb. increased ion absorptionc. decreased resistanced. increased resistance

d. increased resistance

Which of the following is a contraindication for iontophoresis?a. inflammationb. analgesiac. asthmad. muscle spasm

c. asthma

T/F: Biofeedback units measure physiologic processes

False

T/F: The reference electrode has no charge associated with it.

True

T/F: A high signal gain means the biofeedback unit has a low sensitivity for muscle activity

False

Soem biofeedback instruments measure peripheral skin temp. Which of the following do they also measure?a. finger phototransmissionb. skin conduct act activityc. electromygraphic activityd. all of the above

d. all of the above

Biofeedback electrodes should be placed as near to the muscle of interest as possible. They should also be placed ________ to the muscle.a. perpendicularb. parallelc. obliquelyd. none of the above

b. parallel

What is the principle that allows the biofeedback unit to eliminate com one noise between active electrodes?a. CMRR (common mode rejection ratio)b. filteringc. rectificationd. integration

a. CMRR

Raw EMG must be converted to a visual or audio format. What is the order of that conversion?integrated, rectified, smoothed

c. rectified, smoothed, integrated

The goal of using biofeedback in muscle reeducation is to elicit aa. twitch responseb. muscle contractionc. decrease in paind. relaxation

b. muscle contraction

How long should the average biofeedback period for a single muscle be to avoid fatigue?

5-10 minutes

What factor(s) must be addressed when using biofeedback to relax muscle guarding?a. painb. mental imageryc. apprehensiond. all of the above

d. all of the above

T/F: Both myasthenia gravis and Lambert-Eaton are examples of postsynaptic dysfunction.

False

T/F: A fibrillation potential represents the electrical activity associated with the spontaneous contraction of a single muscle fiber

True

T/F: A fasciculation potential is the potential associated with random & spontaneous activation of a group of muscle fibers or all of the muscle fibers originating from a motor unit

True