EMT Vocab Flashcards
1
Q
abandonment
A
unilateral termination of care by the EMT without the patient’s consent and without making provisions for transferring care to another medical professional with the skills and training necessary to meet the needs of the patient.
2
Q
abdomen
A
the body cavity that contains many of the major organs of digestion and excretion. it is located below the diaphragm and above the pelvis.
3
Q
abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)
A
a rapidly fatal condition in which the walls of the aorta in the abdomen weaken and blood leaks into the layers of the vessel, causing it to bulge.
4
Q
abdominal thrust maneuver
A
the preferred method to dislodge a sever airway obstruction in adults and children; also called the Heimlich maneuver.
5
Q
abduction
A
motion of a limb away from the midline.
6
Q
abrasion
A
loss of or damage to a superficial layer of skin as a result of a body part rubbing to scraping across a rough or hard surface.
7
Q
abruptio placentae
A
premature separation of the placenta from the wall of the uterus.
8
Q
absorption
A
the process by which medications travel through body tissues until they reach the bloodstream.
9
Q
access
A
gaining entry to an enclosed area and reaching a patient.
10
Q
accessory muscles
A
the secondary muscles of respiration. they include the neck muscles (sternocleimastoids), the chest pectoralis major muscles, and the abdominal muscles.
11
Q
acetabulum
A
the depression on the lateral pelvis where its three component bones join, in which the femoral head fits snugly.
12
Q
acidosis
A
the buildup of excess acid in the blood or body tissues that can result from a primary illness.
13
Q
acromioclavicular (AC) joint
A
a simple joint where the bony projections of the scapula and the clavicle meet at the top of the shoulder.
14
Q
action
A
the therapeutic effect of a medication on the body.
15
Q
active compression-decompression CPR
A
a technique that involves compressing the chest and then actively pulling it back up to its neutral position or beyond (decompression); may increase the amount of blood that returns to the heart and, thus, the amount of blood ejected from the heart during the compression phase.
16
Q
active shooter event
A
an act of terror in which firearms are used in an ongoing assault of multiple people.
17
Q
activities of daily living
A
the basic activities a person usually accomplishes during a normal day, such as eating, dressing, and bathing.
18
Q
acute abdomen
A
a condition of a sudden onset of pain within the abdomen, usually indicating peritonitis; immediate medical or surgical treatment is necessary.
19
Q
acute coronary syndrome (ACS)
A
a group of symptoms caused by myocardial ischemia; includes angina and myocardial infraction.
20
Q
acute myocardial infraction (AMI)
A
a heart attack; death of heart muscle following obstruction of blood flow to it. “acute” in this context means “new” or “happening right now”.
21
Q
actue stress reactions
A
reactions to stress that occur during a traumatic situation.
22
Q
addiction
A
a state of overwhelming obsession or physical need to continue the use of a substance.
23
Q
adduction
A
motion of a limb toward the midline.
24
Q
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
A
the nucleotide involved in energy metabolism; used to store energy.
25
adolescent
a young person age 12 to 18 years.
26
adrenal glands
endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system.
27
adrenergic
pertaining to nerves that release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, or noradrenaline (eg, adrenergic nerves, adrenergic response); also pertains to the receptors acted on by norepinephrine.
28
advanced EMT (AEMT)
an individual who has training in specific aspects of advanced life support, such as intravenous therapy, and the administration of certain emergency medications.
29
advance directive
written documentation that specifies medical treatment for competent patient should the patient become unable to make decisions; also called a living will or health care directive.
30
advanced life support (ALS)
advanced life-saving procedures, some of which are now being provided by the EMT.
31
adventitious breath sounds
abnormal breath sounds such as wheezing, stridor, rhonchi, and crackles.
32
adverse effects
any unwanted clinical results of a medication.
33
aerobic metabolism
metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen.
34
aerosol-generating procedure
any airway manipulation that induces the production of aerosols that may present a risk for airborne transmission of pathogens, such as CPR.
35
afterload
the force or resistance against which the heart pumps.
36
aging
the process by which the temporary bond between an organophosphate and acetylcholinesterase undergoes hydrolysis, resulting in a permanent covalent bond.
37
agonal gasps
abnormal breathing pattern characterized by slow gasping breaths, sometimes seen in patients in cardiac arrest.
38
agonist
a medications that causes stimulation of receptors.
39
air ambulances
fixed-wing and rotary-wing (known as helicopters) aircraft that have been modified for medical care; used to evacuate and transport patients with life-threatening injuries to treatment facilities.
40
airborne transmission
the spread of an organism via droplets or dust.
41
air embolism
the presence of air in the veins, which can lead to cardiac arrest if it enters the heart.
42
airway
the upper airway tract or the passage above the larynx, which includes the nose, mouth, and throat.
43
algor mortis
cooling of the body after death until matches the ambient temperature.
44
alkalosis
the buildup of excess base (lack of acids) in the body fluids
45
allergen
a substance that causes an allergic reaction.
46
allergic reaction
the body's exaggerated immune response to an internal or surface agent.
47
alpha-adrenergic receptors
portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause constriction of blood vessels.
48
alpha radiation
a type of energy that is emitted from a strong radiologic source; it is the least harmful penetrating type of radiation and cannot travel more than a few inches or penetrate most objects.
49
altered mental status
a change in the way a person thinks and behaves that may signal disease in the central nervous system or elsewhere in the body.
50
alveolar minute volume
the volume of air moved through the lungs in 1 minute minus the dead space; calculated by multiplying tidal volume (minus dead space) and respiratory rate.
51
alveolar ventilation
the volume of air that reaches the alveoli. it is determined by subtracting the amount of dead space air from the tidal volume.
52
alveoli
the air sacs of the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.
53
ambient temperature
the temperature of the surroundings environment.
54
ambulance
a specialized vehicle for treating and transporting sick and injured patients.
55
American Standard Safety System
a safety system for large oxygen cylinders, designed to prevent the accidental attachment of a regulator to a cylinder containing the wrong type of gas.
56
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
comprehensive legislation that is designed to protect people with disabilities against discrimination.
57
amniotic sac
the fluid-filled, baglike membrane in which the fetus develops.
58
amputation
an injury in which part of the body is completely severed.
59
anaerobic metabolism
metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the main by-product is lactic acid.
60
anaphylactic shock
severe shock caused by an allergic reaction
61
anaphylaxis
an extreme, life-threatening, systemic allergic reaction that may include shock and respiratory failure.
62
anatomic position
the position of reference in which the patient stands facing forward, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward.
63
anatomy
the study of the physical structure of the body and its components.
64
anemic
describes a condition in which the patient has too few red blood cells, resulting a decreased ability to transport oxygen throughout the body via the bloodstream.
65
aneurysm
a swelling or enlargement of the wall of a blood vessel that results from weakening of the vessel wall.
66
angina pectoris
transient (short-lived) chest discomfort caused by partial or temporary blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle; also called angina.
67
angioedema
localized areas of swelling beneath the skin, often around the eyes and lips, but can also involve other body areas as well.
68
anisocoria
naturally occurring uneven pupil size.
69
antagonist
a medication that binds to a receptor and blocks other medications.
70
anterior
the front surface of the body; the side facing you in the standard anatomic position.
71
anterograde (posttraumatic) amnesia
inability to remember events after an injury.
72
anthrax
a disease cause by a deadly bacterium (bacillus anthracis) that lies dormant in a spore (protective shell); the germ is released from the spore when exposed to the optimal temperature and moisture. the routes of entry are inhalation, cutaneous, and gastrointestinal (from consuming food that contains spores).
73
antibiotic
a medication used to treat infections caused by bacterium.
74
anticoagulant
a medication that impairs the ability of blood to clot.
75
antidote
a substance that is used to neutralized or counteract a poison.
76
Antidote Treatment Nerve Agent Auto-Injector (ATNAA)
a nerve agent antidote kit containing atropine and pralidoxime chloride; delivered as a single dose through one needle.
77
antifungal
a medication used to treat infections caused by fungus.
78
antiplatelet
a medication that prevents blood platelets from clumping or sticking together.
79
antipyretics
medications that treat or reduce a fever.
80
antivenin
a serum that counteracts the effects of venom from an animal or insect.
81
aorta
the main artery leaving the left side of the heart and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body.
82
aortic aneurysm
a weakness in the wall of the aorta that makes it susceptible to rupture.
83
aortic valve
the one-way valve that lies between the left ventricle and the aorta and keeps blood from flowing back into the left ventricle after the left ventricle ejects its blood into the aorta; one of four heart valves.
84
apex (plural apices)
the pointed extremity of a conical structure.
85
Apgar score
a scoring system for assessing the status of a newborn that assigns a number value to each of five areas.
86
aphasia
the inability to understand and/or produce speech.
87
apnea
absence of spontaneous breathing.
88
apneic oxygenation
a technique in which oxygen administered via a high-flow nasal cannula is left in place during an intubation attempt, allowing for continuous oxygen delivery into the airways during all phases of the procedure.
89
apparent life-threatening event (ALTE)
an event that causes unresponsiveness, cyanosis, and apnea in an infant, who then resumes breathing with stimulation.
90
appendicitis
inflammation or infection of the appendix
91
appendicular skeleton
the portion of the skeletal system that comprises the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle.
92
appendix
a small, tubular structure that is attached to the lower border of the cecum in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen.
93
applied ethics
the manner in which principles of ethics are incorporated into professional conduct.
94
arterial air embolism
air bubbles in the arterial blood vessels.
95
arterioles
the smallest branches of arteries leading to the vast network capillaries.
96
arteriosclerosis
a disease that causes the arteries to thicken, harden, and calcify.
97
artery
a blood vessel, consisting of three layer of tissue and smooth muscle, that carries blood away from the heart.
98
articular cartilage
a pearly white layer of specialized cartilage covering the articular surfaces (contact surfaces on the ends) of bones in synovial joints.
99
artifact
a tracing on an electrocardiogram that is the result of interference, such as patient movement, rather than the heart's electrical activity.
100
ascites
an abnormal accumulation of excess fluid in the peritoneal cavity.
101
aspiration
in the context of the airway, the introduction of vomitus or other foreign material into the lungs.
102
aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid or ASA)
a medication that is an antipyretic (reduces fever), analgesic (reduces pain), anti-inflammatory (reduces inflammation), and a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation (clumping).
103
assault
unlawfully placing a patient in fear of bodily harm.
104
asthma
an acute spasm of the smaller air passages, called bronchioles, associated with excessive mucus production and with swelling of the mucous lining of the respiratory passages.
105
asystole
the complete absence of all heart electrical activity
106
ataxic respirations
irregular, ineffective respirations that may or may not have an identifiable pattern.
107
atelectasis
collapse of the alveolar air spaces of the lungs.
108
atherosclerosis
a disorder in which cholesterol and calcium build up inside the walls of the blood vessels, forming plaque, which eventually leads to a partial or complete blockage of blood flow.
109
atrium
one of the two upper chambers of the heart.
110
aura
a sensation experienced before a seizure; serves as a warning sign that a seizure is about to occur.
111
auscultate
to listen to sounds within an organ with a stethoscope.
112
autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
a group of complex disorders of brain development, characterized by difficulties in social interaction, repetitive behaviors, and verbal and nonverbal communication.
113
automated external defibrillator (AED)
a device that detects treatable life-threatening cardiac dysrhythmias (ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia) and delivers the appropriate electrical shock to the patient.
114
automaticity
the ability of cardiac muscles cells to contract without stimulation from the nervous system.
115
automatic transport ventilator (ATV)
a ventilation device attached to a control box that allows the variables of ventilations to be set. it frees the EMT to perform other tasks while the patient is being ventilated.
116
autonomic nervous system
the part of the nervous system that controls the involuntary activities of the body such as the heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion of food.
117
AVPU scale
a method of assessing the level of consciousness by determining whether the patient is awake and alert, responsive to verbal stimuli or pain, or unresponsive; used principally early in the assessment process.
118
avulsion
an injury in which soft tissue is torn completely loose or is hanging as a flap
119
axial loading injuries
injuries in which load is applied along the vertical or longitudinal axis of the spine, which results in load being transmitted along the entire length of the vertebral column; for example, falling from a height and landing on the feet in an upright position.
120
axial skeleton
the part of the skeleton comprising the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.
121
axons
extensions of a neuron that carry impulses away from the nerve cell body to the dendrites (receivers) of another neuron.
122
backboard
a long, flat board made of rigid, rectangular material that is used to provide support to a patient who is suspected of having a hip, pelvic, spinal, or lower extremity injury; also called a spine board, trauma board, and longboard.
123
bacteria
microorganisms that reproduce by binary fission. These single-cell creatures reproduce rapidly. some can form spores (encysted variants) when environmental conditions are harsh.
124
bacterial vaginosis
an overgrowth of bacteria in the vagina; characterized by itching, burning, or pain, and possibly a "fishy"- smelling discharge.
125
bag-mask device
a device with a one-way valve and a face mask attached to a ventilation bag; when attached to a reservoir and connected to oxygen, it delivers more than 90% supplemental oxygen.
126
ball-and-socket joint
a joint that allows internal and external rotation, as well as bending.
127
bariatrics
a branch of medicine concerned with management (prevention or control) of obesity and allied diseases.
128
barotrauma
injury caused by pressure to enclosed body surfaces, for example, from too much pressure in the lungs.
129
barrier device
a protective item, such as a pocket mask with a valve, that limits exposure to a patient's body fluids.
130
base station
any radio hardware containing a transmitter and receiver that is located in a fixed place.
131
basic life support (BLS)
noninvasive emergency life-saving care that is used to treat medical conditions, including airway obstruction, respiratory arrest, and cardiac arrest.
132
basilar skull fractures
fractures that usually occur following diffuse impact to the head (eg, falls, motor vehicle crashes); generally result from extensions of a linear fracture to the base of the skull and can be difficult to diagnose with a radiograph.
133
basket stretcher
a rigid stretcher commonly used in technical and water rescues that surrounds and supports the patients yet allows water to drain through holes in the bottom; also called a strokes litter.
134
battery
unlawfully touching a patient or providing emergency care without consent.
135
battle sign
brushing behind an ear over the mastoid process that may indicate a skull fracture.
136
behavior
how a person functions or acts in response to his or her environment.
137
behavioral crisis
the point at which a person's reactions to events interfere with activities of daily living; this becomes a psychiatric emergency when it causes a major life interruption, such as attempted suicide.
138
behavioral health emergency
an emergency in which abnormal behavior threatens a person's own health and safety or the health and safety of another person - fore maple, when a person become suicidal or homicidal, or has a psychotic episode.
139
bends
a common name for decompression sickness.
140
beta-adrenergic receptors
portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause an increase in the force of contraction of the heart, an increased heart rate, and bronchial dilation.
141
beta radiation
a type of energy that is emitted from a strong radiologic source; it is slightly more penetrating than alpha radiation and requires a layer of clothing to stop it.
142
biceps
the large muscle that covers the front of the humerus.
143
bilateral
a body part or condition that appears on both sides of the midline.
144
bile ducts
the ducts that convey bile between the liver and the intestine.
145
bills of lading
the shipping papers used for transport of chemicals over roads and highways; also referred to as freight bills.
146
bioethics
the study of ethics related to issues that arise in health care.
147
birth canal
the vagina and cervix
148
blanch
to turn white
149
blind spots
areas of the road that are blocked from your view by your vehicle or mirrors.
150
bloodborne pathogens
pathogenic microorganisms that are present in human blood and can cause disease in humans. these pathogens include, but are not limited to, hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
151
blood pressure (BP)
the pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it passes through them.
152
bloody show
a small amount of blood in the vagina that appears at the beginning of labor and may include a plug or pink-tinged mucus that is discharged when the cervix begins to dilate.
153
blowout fracture
a fracture of the orbit or of the bones that support the floor of the orbit.
154
blunt trauma
an impact on the body by objects that cause injury without penetrating soft tissues or internal organs and cavities.
155
B-NICE
a memory device to recall the types of weapons of mass destruction: biologic, nuclear, incendiary, chemical, and explosive.
156
body mechanics
the relationship between the body's anatomic structures and the physical forces associated with lifting, moving, and carrying; the ways in which the body moves to achieve a specific action.
157
botulinum
produced by bacteria, this is the most potent neurotoxin known. when introduced into the body, the neurotoxin affects the nervous system's ability to function and causes botulism.
158
brachial artery
the major vessel in the upper extremities that supplies blood to the arm.
159
bradycardia
a slow heart rate, less than 60 beats/min
160
bradypnea
slow respiratory rate; an ominous sign in a child that indicates impending respiratory arrest.
161
brain
the controlling organ of the body and center of consciousness; functions include perception, control of reactions to the environment, emotional responses, and judgement.
162
brainstem
the area of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebrum, surrounded by the cerebellum; controls functions that are necessary for life, such as respiration.
163
breach of confidentiality
disclosure of information without proper authorization.
164
breath-holding syncope
loss of consciousness caused by a decreased breathing stimulus.
165
breath sounds
an indication of air movement in the lungs, usually assessed with a stethoscope.
166
breech presentation
a delivery in which the buttocks comes out first.
167
bronchial breath sounds
normal breath sounds made by air moving through the bronchi.
168
bronchioles
subdivision of the smaller bronchi in the lungs; made of smooth muscle and dilate or constrict in response to various stimuli.
169
bronchiolitis
inflammation of the bronchioles that usually occurs in children younger than 2 years and is often caused by the respiratory syncytial virus.
170
bronchitis
an acute or chronic inflammation of the lung that may damage lung tissue; usually associated with cough and production of sputum and, depending on its cause, sometimes fever.
171
buboes
enlarged lymph nodes (up to the size of a tennis ball) that are characteristic in people infected with the bubonic plague.
172
bubonic plague
bacterial infection that affects the lymphatic system. it is transmitted by infected rodents and fleas and characterized by acute malaise, fever, and the formation of tender, enlarged, inflamed lymph nodes that appear as lesions, called buboes. also called the Black Death.
173
bulk storage containers
any container other than non bulk storage containers, such as fixed tanks, highway cargo tanks, rail tank cars, totes, and intermodal tanks. these are typically found in manufacturing facilities and are often surrounded by a secondary containment system to help control an accidental release.
174
burnout
a combination of exhaustion, cynicism, and reduced performance resulting from longterm job stresses in health care and other high stress professions.
175
burns
injuries in which soft-tissue damage occurs as a result of thermal heat, frictional heat, toxic chemicals, electricity, or nuclear radiation.
176
calcaneus
the heel bone
177
capillaries
the small blood vessels that connect arterioles and venules; various substances pass through capillary walls, into and out of the interstitial fluid, and then on the cells.
178
capillary refill
a test that evaluates distal circulatory system functions by squeezing (blanching) blood from an area such as a nail bed and watching the speed of its return after releasing the pressure.
179
capillary vessels
the tiny blood vessels between the arterioles and venules that permit transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste between body tissues and the blood.
180
capnography
a noninvasive method to quickly and efficiently provide information on a patient's ventilatory status, circulation, and metabolism; effectively measures the concentration of carbon dioxide in expired air over time.
181
capnometry
the use of a capnometer, a device that measures the amount of expired carbon dioxide.
182
carbon dioxide
a component of air that typically makes up 0.03% of air at sea level; also a waste product exhaled during expiration by the respiratory system.
183
carbon dioxide retention
a condition characterized by a chronically high blood level of carbon dioxide in which the respiratory center no longer responds to high blood levels of carbon dioxide.
184
carbon monoxide
an odorless, colorless, tasteless, and highly poisonous gas that results from incomplete oxidation of carbon in combustion.
185
carboys
glass, plastic, or steel containers, ranging in volume from 5 to 15 gallons (19 to 57 L).
186
cardiac arrest
when the heart fails to generate effective and detectable blood flow; pulses are not palpable in cardiac arrest, even if muscular and electrical activity continues in the heart.
187
cardiac muscle
the heart muscle
188
cardiac output (CO)
a measure of the volume of blood circulated by the heart in 1 minute, calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate.
189
cardiac tamponade (pericardial tamponade)
compression of the heart as the result of buildup of blood or other fluid in the pericardial sac, leading to decreased cardiac output.
190
cardiogenic shock
a state in which no enough oxygen is delivered to the tissues of the body, caused by low output of blood from the heart. it can be a severe complication of a large acute myocardial infraction, as well as other conditions.
191
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
the combination of chest compressions and rescue breathing used to establish adequate ventilation and circulation in a patient who is not breathing and has no pulse.
192
carina
point at which the trachea bifurcates (divides) into the left and right main stem bronchi.
193
carotid artery
the major artery that supplies blood to the head and brain.
194
carpals
small bones that comprise the wrist.
195
cartilage
the smooth connective tissue that forms the support structure of the skeletal system and provides cushioning between bones; also forms the nasal septum and portions of the outer ear.
196
casualty collection area
an area set up by physicians, nurses, and other hospital staff near a major disaster scene where patients can receive further triage and medical care.
197
cataracts
clouding of the lens of the eye or its surrounding transparent membranes.
198
cavitation
a phenomenon in which speed causes a bullet to generate pressure waves, which cause damage distant from the bullet's path.
199
cecum
the first part of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens.
200
cellular metabolism
a set of chemical reactions that supplies cells with energy. includes both anaerobic and aerobic metabolism.
201
cellular telephone
a low-power portable radio that communicates through an interconnected series of repeater stations called cells.
202
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
the primary federal agency that conducts and supports public health activities in the United States. The CDC is part of the US Department of Health and Human Services.
203
central nervous system (CNS)
the brain and spinal cord
204
central neurogenic hyperventilation
an abnormal breathing pattern associated with increased intercranial pressure that is characterized by deep, rapid breathing; this pattern is similar to Kussmaul respirations, but without an acetone breath odor.
205
central pulses
pulses that are closest to the core (central) part of the body where vital organs are located; include the carotid, femoral, and apical pulses.
206
cerebellum
one of the three major subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the little brain; coordinates the various activities of the brain, particularly fine body movements.
207
cerebral edema
swelling of the brain
208
cerebral palsy
a group of disorders characterized by poorly controlled body movements.
209
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges.
210
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
an interruption of blood flow to the brain that results in the loss of brain function; also called a stroke.
211
cerebrum
the largest part of the three subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the gray matter; made up of several lobes that control movement, hearing, balance, speech, visual perception, emotions, and personality.
212
certification
a process in which a person, an institution, or a program is evaluated and recognized as meeting certain predetermined standards to provide safe and ethical care.
213
cervical spine
the portion of the vertebral column consisting of the first seven vertebrae that lie in the neck.
214
cervix
the lower third, or neck, of the uterus.
215
channel
an assigned frequency or frequencies that are used to carry voice and/or data communications.
216
Chemical Transportation Emergency Center (CHEMTREC)
an agency that assists emergency responders in identifying and handling hazardous materials transport incidents.
217
chemoreceptors
monitor the levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH of the cerebrospinal fluid and then provide feedback to the respiratory centers to modify the rate and depth of breathing based on the body's needs at any given time.
218
chest compression fraction
the total percentage of time during a resuscitation attempt in which active chest compressions are being performed.
219
Cheyne-Strokes respirations
a cyclical pattern of abnormal breathing that increases and then decreases in rate and depth, followed by a period of apnea.
220
chief concern
the condition requiring the most urgent intervention as determined by the provider's assessment of the patient; it is not always the same chief complaint.
221
child abuse
a general term applying to all forms of abuse and neglect of children.
222
chlamydia
a sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis.
223
chlorine (CI)
the first chemical agent ever used in warfare. it has a distinct odor of bleach and creates a green haze when released as a gas. initially it produces upper airway irritation and choking sensation.
224
cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder.
225
chordae tendineae
thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting.
226
chronic bronchitis
irritation of the major lung passageways from long-term exposure to infectious disease or irritants such as smoke.
227
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
a lung disease characterized by chronic obstruction of lung airflow that interferes with normal breathing and is not fully reversible.
228
chyme
the substance that leaves the stomach. it is a combination of all of the eaten foods with added stomach acids.
229
circulatory system
the complex arrangement of connected tubes, including the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, that moves blood, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and cellular waste throughout the body.
230
clavicle
the collarbone; it is lateral to the sternum and anterior to the scapula.
231
cleaning
the process of removing dirt, dust, blood, and other visible contaminants from a surface.
232
closed abdominal injury
an injury in which there is soft-tissue damage inside the body but the skin remains intact.
233
closed chest injury
an injury to the chest in which the skin is not broken, usually cause by blunt trauma.
234
closed-ended questions
questions that can be answered in short or single-word responses.
235
closed fracture
any break in a bone in which the overlying skin is not broken.
236
closed head injury
injury in which the brain has been injured but the skin has not been broken and there is no obvious bleeding.
237
closed incident
an incident that is contained; all casualties are accounted for.
238
closed injuries
injuries in which damage occurs beneath the skin or mucous membrane but the surface of the skin remains intact.
239
coagulation
the formation of clots to plug openings in injured blood vessels and stop blood flow.
240
coccyx
the last three or four vertebrae of the spine; the tail bone.
241
cold zone
a safe area at a hazardous materials incident for the agencies involved in the operations. The incident commander, the command post, EMS providers, and other support functions necessary to control the incident should be located in this zone. also referred to as the clean zone or support zone.
242
colostomy
a surgical procedure to create an opening (stoma) between the colon and the surface of the body.
243
coma
a state of profound unconsciousness from which the patient cannot be roused.
244
combining vowel
the vowel used to combine two word roots or a word root and suffix.
245
command
in incident command, the position that oversees the incident, establishes the objectives and priorities, and develops a response plan.
246
command post
the designated field command center where the incident commander and support staff are located.
247
commotio cordis
a blunt chest injury caused by a sudden, direct blow to the chest that occurs only during the critical portion of a person's heartbeat.
248
communicable disease
a disease that can be spread from one person or species to another.
249
communication
the transmission of information to another person - verbally or through body language.
250
community paramedicine
a health care model in which experience paramedics receive advanced training to equip them to provide additional services in the prehospital environment, such as health evaluations, monitoring of chromic illnesses or conditions, and patient advocacy.
251
compartment syndrome
swelling in a confined space that produces dangerous pressure; may cut off blood flow or damage sensitive tissue.
252
compassion fatigue
a stress disorder characterized by gradual lessening of compassion over time.
253
compensated stock
the early stage of shock, in which the body can still compensate for blood loss.
254
compensatory damages
damages awarded in a civil lawsuit that are intended to restore the plaintiff to the same condition that he or she was in prior to the incident.
255
competent
able to make rational decisions about personal well-being.
256
complex access
entry that requires special tools and training and includes the use of force.
257
compliance
the ability of the alveoli to expand when air is drawn in during inhalation.
258
concealment
the use of object to limit a person's ability to see you.
259
concussion
a temporary loss or alteration of part or all of the brain's abilities to function without actual physical damage to the brain.
260
conduction
the loss of heat by direct contact (eg, when a body part comes into contact with a colder object).
261
conductive hearing loss
hearing loss caused by a faulty transmission of sound waves.
262
congestive heart failure (CHF)
a disorder in which the heart loses part of its ability to effectively pump blood, usually as a result of damage to the heart muscle and usually resulting in a backup of fluid into the lungs.
263
conjunctiva
the delicate membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the exposed surface of the eye.
264
conjunctivitis
inflammation of the conjunctiva
265
consent
permission to render care.
266
contact burn
a burn caused by direct contact with a hot object.
267
contact hazard
the danger posed by a chemical whose primary route of entry into the body is through the skin; posed by a hazardous agent that gives off very little or no vapors; also called a skin hazard.
268
contagious
an infectious disease that spreads from one human to another; communicable.
269
container
any vessel or receptacle that holds material, including storage vessels, pipelines, and packaging.
270
contamination
the presence of infectious organisms on or in objects such as dressings, water, food, needles, wounds, or a patient's body.
271
272
continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
a method of ventilation used primarily in the treatment of critically I’ll patients with respiratory distress; can prevent the need for endotracheal intubation.
273
continuous quality improvement (CQI)
A system of internal and external reviews and audits of all aspects of an EMS system aimed at improving outcomes.
274
continuum of care
The concept of consistent patient care across the entire health care team from first patient contact to a patient discharge; working together with a unified goal results in improved individual and team performance, better patient and provider safety, and improved patient outcome.
275
contraindications
Conditions that make a particular medication or treatment inappropriate because it would not help, or may actually harm, a patient.
276
Contributory negligence
A legal defense that may be raised when the defendant thinks that the conducts of the plaintiff somehow contributed to any injuries or damaged that were sustained by the plaintiff.
277
Control zones
Areas at a hazardous materials incident that are designated as hot, warm, or cold, based on safety issues and the degree of hazard found there.
278
Contusion
A bruise from an injury that causes bleeding beneath the skin without breaking the skin; also see ecchymosis.
279
Convection
The loss of body heat caused by air movement (eg, a breeze blowing across the body).
280
Conventional reasoning
A type of reasoning in which a child looks for approval from peers and society.
281
Core temperature
The temperature of the central part of the body (eg, the heart, lungs, and vital organs).
282
Cornea
The transparent tissue layer in front of the pupil and iris of the eye.
283
Coronal (frontal) plane
An imaginary plane where the body is divided into front and back parts
284
Coronary arteries
The blood vessels that carry blood and nutrients to the heart muscle
285
Coup-contrecoup brain injury
A brain injury that occurs when force is applied to the head and energy transmission through brain tissue causes injury on the opposite side of original impact.
286
Cover
The tactical use of an impenetrable barrier for protection
287
Covert
An act in which the public safety community generally has no prior knowledge of the time, location, or nature of the attack.
288
COVID-19
A respiratory disease caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2. The virus is a coronavirus, similar to the one that causes the common cold.
289
Coxae
The hip bones (singular: coxa)
290
CPR board
A device that provides a firm surface under the patient’s torso.
291
Crackles
Crackling, rattling breath sounds that signal fluid in the air spaces of the lungs.
292
Cranium
The part of the skull that encloses the brain and is composed of eight bones.
293
Credentialing
An established process to determine the qualifications necessary to be allowed to practice a particular profession, or to function as an organization.
294
Crepitus
A grating or grinding sensation or sound caused by fractured bone ends or joints rubbing together.
295
Crew resource management (CRM)
A set of procedures for use in environments where human error can have disastrous consequences. It empowers people within a team to communicate effectively with one another with a goal of improving team situational awareness, patient and crew safety, and overall communication.
296
Cricoid cartilage
A firm ridge of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx.
297
cricothyroid membrane
A thin sheet of fascia that connects the thyroid and cricoid cartilages that make up the larynx.
298
Critical incident stress management (CISM)
A process that confronts the responses to critical incidents and defuses them, directing the emergency services personnel toward physical and emotional equilibrium.
299
Cross- contamination
Occurs when a person is contaminated by an agent as a result of coming in contact with another contaminated person.
300
Croup
A viral inflammatory disease of the upper respiratory system that may cause a partial airway obstruction and is characterized by a barking cough; usually seen in children.
301
Crowning
The appearance of the fetus’s head at the vaginal opening during labor.
302
Crashing injury
An injury that occurs when a great amount of force is applied to the body.
303
Crush syndrome
Significant metabolic derangement that develops when crushed extremities or body parts remain trapped for prolonged periods. This can lead to renal failure and death.
304
Cultural imposition
When one person imposes his or her beliefs, values, and practices on another because he or she believes his or her ideals are superior.
305
Cumulative stress reaction
Prolonged or excessive stress
306
Cushion of safety
A safe distance between your vehicle and any vehicles around you.
307
Cyanide
An agent that affects the body’s ability to use oxygen. It is a colorless gas that has an odor similar to almonds. The effects behind on the cellular level and are very rapidly seen at the organ and system levels.
308
Cyanosis
A blue skin discoloration that is caused by a reduced level of oxygen in the blood. Although paleness, or a decrease blood flow, can be difficult to detect in dark-skinned people, it may be observed by examining mucous membranes inside the inner lower eye kind and capillary refill. On general observation, the patient may appear ashen or gray.
309
Cylinders
Portable, compressed gas containers used to hold liquid and gases such as nitrogen, argon, helium, and oxygen. They have a range of sizes and internal pressures.
310
Cystitis
Inflammation of the bladder
311
Danger zone (hot zone)
An area where people can be exposed to hazards such as electric wires, sharp metal edges, broken glass, toxic substances, radiation, or fire.
312
DCAP-BTLS
A mnemonic for assessment in which each area of the body is evaluated for Deformities, Contusions, Abrasions, Punctures/penetrations, Burns, Tenderness, Lacerations, and Swelling.
313
Dead space
Any portion of the airway that does contain air and cannot participate in gas exchange, such as the trachea and bronchi.
314
Decay
A natural process in which a material that is unstable attempts to stabilize itself by changing its structure.
315
Deceleration
The slowing of an object
316
Decision-making capacity
Ability to understand and process information and make a choice regarding appropriate medical care.
317
Decompensated shock
The late stage of shock when blood pressure is falling.
318
Decompression sickness
A painful condition seen in divers who ascend too quickly, in which gas, especially nitrogen, forms bubbles in blood vessels and other tissues; see bends.
319
Decontaminate
To remove or neutralize radiation, chemical, or other hazardous material from clothing, equipment, vehicles, and personnel.
320
Decontamination
The process of removing or neutralizing and properly disposing of hazardous materials from equipment, patients, and responders.
321
Decontamination area
The designated area in hazardous materials incident where all patients and responders must be decontaminated before going to another area.
322
Decubitus ulcers
Sores caused by the pressure of skin against a surface for long periods; can range from a discoloration of the skin to a deep wound that may invade into bone or organs; also known as bedsores.
323
Dedicated line
A special telephone line that is used for specific point-to-point communications; also known as a hotline.
324
Deep
Farther inside the body and away from the skin.
325
Deep venous thrombosis
The formation of a blood clot within the larger veins of an extremity, typically following a period of prolonged immobilization.
326
Defamation
The communication of false information about a person that is damaging to that persons reputation or standing in the community.
327
Defibrillate
To shock a fibrillating (chaotically shaking) heart with specialized electric current in an attempt to restore a normal, rhythmic beat.
328
Dehydration
Loss is water from the tissues of the body
329
Delayed stress reactions
Reactions to stress that occur after a stressful situation.
330
Delirium
A temporary change in mental status characterized by disorganized thoughts, inattention, memory loss, disorientation, striking changes in personality and affect, hallucinations, delusions, or a decreased level of consciousness.
331
Delirium tremens (DTs)
A severe withdrawal syndrome seen in individuals with alcoholism who are deprived of ethyl alcohol; characterized by restlessness, fever, sweating, disorientation, agitation, and seizures; can be fatal if untreated.
332
Dementia
The slow onset of progressive disorientation, shorted attention span, and loss of cognitive function; the condition is generally chronic and irreversible.
333
Demobilization
The process of directing responders to return to their facilities when work at a disaster or mass - casualty incident has finished, at least for those particular responders.
334
Denitrogenation
The process of replacing nitrogen in the lungs with oxygen to maintain a normal oxygen saturation level during advanced airway management.
335
Dependent edema
Swelling in the part of the body closest to the ground, cause by collection of fluid in the tissues; a possible sign of congestive heart failure.
336
Dependent lividity
Blood settling to the lowest point of the body, causing discoloration of the skin; a definitive sign of death.
337
Depositions
Oral questions asked of parties and witnesses under oath.
338
Depression
A persistent mood of sadness, despair, and discouragement; may be a symptom of many different mental and physical disorders, or may be a disorder on its own.
339
Dermis
The inner layer of the skin, containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings, and blood vessels.
340
Designated officer
The individual in the department who is charged with the responsibility of managing exposures and infection control issues.
341
Developmental disability
Insufficient development of the brain, resulting in some level of dysfunction or impairment.
342
Diabetes Melliitus
A metabolic disorder on which the ability to metabolize carbohydrates (sugars) is impaired, usually before of lack of insulin.
343
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
A form of hyperglycemia in uncontrolled diabetes in which certain acids accumulate when insulin is not available.
344
Diamond carry
A carrying technique is which one provider is located at the head of the stretcher or backboard, one at the foot end, and one at each side of the patient; each of the two providers at the sides uses one hand to support the stretcher or backboard so that all are able to face forward as they walk.
345
Diaphoretic
Characterized by light or profuse sweating.
346
Diaphragm
A muscular dome that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity, contraction of this (and the chest wall muscles) brings air into the lungs. Relaxation allows air to be expelled from the lungs.
347
Diastole
The relaxation, or period of relaxation, of the heart, especially the ventricles.
348
Diastolic pressure
The pressure that remains in the arteries during the relaxing phase of the heart’s cycle (diastole) when the left ventricle is at rest.
349
Diffusion
Movement of a gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
350
Digestion
The processing of food that nourishes the individual cells of the body
351
Dilation
Widening of a tubular structure such as a coronary artery
352
Diphtheria
An infectious disease in which a pseudomembrane forms, lining the pharynx; this lining can severely obstruct the passage of air into the larynx.
353
Direct contact
Exposure or transmission of a communicable disease from one person to another by physical contact.
354
Direct ground lift
A lifting technique that is used for patients who are found laying supine on the ground with no suspected spinal injury.
355
Direct laryngoscopy
Visualization of the airway with a laryngoscope.
356
Dirty bomb
Name given to an explosive radiologic dispersal device
357
Disaster
A widespread event that disrupts community resources and functions, in turn threatening public safety, citizens’ lives, and property.
358
Discovery
The phase of a civil lawsuit where the plaintiff and defense obtain information from each other that will enable the attorneys to have a better understanding of the case and which will assist in negotiating a possible settlement or in preparing for trial. Discovery includes depositions, interrogations, and demands for production of records.
359
Disease vector
An animal that, once infected, spreads a disease to another animal
360
Disinfection
The killing of pathogenic agents by direct application of chemicals.
361
Dislocation
Disruption of a joint in which ligaments are damaged and the bone ends are no longer in contact.
362
Displaced fracture
A fracture in which bone fragments are separated from one another, producing deformity in the limb.
363
Dissecting aneurysm
A condition in which the inner layers of an artery, such as the aorta, become separated, allowing blood (at high pressures) to flow between layers.
364
Dissemination
The means by which a terrorist will spread an agent; for example, by poisoning the water supply or aerosolizing the agent into the air or ventilation system of a building.
365
Distal
Farther from the trunk or nearer to the free end of the extremity.
366
Distracting injury
Any injury that prevents the patient from noticing other injuries he or she may have, even severe injuries; for example, a painful femur or tibia fracture that prevents the patient from noticing back pain associated with a spinal fracture.
367
Distress
A negative response to a stressor
368
Distributive shock
A condition that occurs where there is widespread dilation of the small arterioles, small venules, or both.
369
Diverticulitis
Inflammation in small pockets at weak areas in the muscle walls of the intestines.
370
Diving reflex
The slowing of the heart rate caused by submersion in cold water.
371
Documentation
The recorded portion of the EMT’s patient interaction, either written or electronic. This becomes part of the patient’s permanent medical record.
372
Domestic terrorism
Terrorism that is carried out by people in their own country.
373
Do not resuscitate (DNR) order
Written documentation by a physician giving permission to medical personnel not to attempt resuscitation in the event of cardiac arrest.
374
Dorsal
The posterior surface of the body, including the back of the hand.
375
Dorsalis pedis artery
The artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the first and second metatarsals
376
Dose
The amount of medication given on the basis of the patient’s size and age.
377
Down syndrome
A genetic chromosomal defect that can occur during fetal development and that results in intellectual impairment as well as certain physical characteristics, such as a round head with a flat occipital and slanted, wide-set eyes.
378
Drag
Resistance that slows a projectile, such as air.
379
Drowning
The process of experiencing respiratory impairment from submersion or immersion in liquid
380
Drums
Barrel-like containers used to store a wide variety of substances, including food-grade materials, corrosives, flammable liquids, and polyethylene, cardboard, stainless steel, nickel, or other materials.
381
DuoDote Auto-injector
A nerve agent antidote kit containing atropine and pralidoxime chloride; delivered as a single dose through one needle.
382
Duplex
The ability to transmit and receive simultaneously
383
Durable power of attorney for health care
a type of advance directive executed by a competent adult that appoints another individual to make medical treatment decisions on his or her behalf, in the event that the person making appointment loses decision-making capacity.
384
duration
the amount of time that clinical effects of a medication last.
385
duty to act
a medicolegal term relating to certain personnel who either by statute or by function have a responsibility to provide care.
386
dysarthria
slurred speech
387
dysbarism injuries
any signs and symptoms caused by the difference between the surrounding atmospheric pressure and the total gas pressure in various tissues, fluids, and cavities of the body.
388
dyspnea
shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
389
dysrhythmia
an irregular or abnormal heart rhythm
390
early adult
a young adult age 19 to 40 years.
391
ecchymosis
a buildup of blood beneath the skin that produces a characteristic blue or black discoloration as the result of an injury.
392
eclampsia
a pregnancy complication that is characterized by new-onset hypertension (systolic blood pressure >140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure>90 mm Hg) with seizure activity and preceding systemic effects, such as blurred vision, headache, or protein in the urine. it is differentiated from preeclampsia by the presence of seizure activity.
393
ectopic pregnancy
a pregnancy that develops outside the uterus, typically in a fallopian tube.
394
edema
the presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid between cells in the body tissues, causing swelling of the affected area.
395
elder abuse
any action on the part of an older person's family member, caregiver, or other associated person that takes advantage of the older person's person, property, or emotional state.
396
elimination
the process of removing a medication or chemical from within the body.
397
emancipated minor
a person who is under the legal age in a given state but, because of other circumstances, is legally considered an adult.
398
embolus
a blood clot or other substance in the circulatory system that travels to a blood vessel where it causes a blockage of blood flow.
399
embryo
the early stage of development after the fertilization of the egg (first 10 weeks).
400
emergency
a serious situation, such as injury or illness that threatens the life or welfare of a person or group of people and requires immediate intervention.
401
emergency doctrine
the principle of law that permits a health care provider to treat a patient in an emergency situation when the patient is incapable of granting consent because of an altered level of consciousness, disability, the effects of drugs or alcohol, or the patient's age.
402
emergency medical care
immediate care or treatment
403
emergency medical dispatch (EMD)
a system that assists dispatchers in selecting appropriate units to respond to a particular call for assistance and provides callers with vital instructions until arrival of EMS crews.
404
emergency medical responder (EMR)
a trained professional, such as police officer, firefighter, lifeguard, or other rescuer, who may arrive first at the scene of an emergency to provide initial medical assistance.
405
emergency medical services (EMS)
a multidisciplinary system that represents the combined efforts of several professionals and agencies to provide prehospital emergency care to the sick and injured.
406
emergency medical technician (EMT)
an individual who has training in basic life support including automated external defibrillation, use of a definitive airway adjunct, and assisting patients with certain medications.
407
emergency move
a move in which the patient is dragged or pulled from a dangerous scene before assessment and care are provided.
408
emergency response guidebook (ERG)
a preliminary action guide for first responders operating at a hazardous materials incident in coordination with the US Department of Transportation's labels and placards marking system. Jointly developed by the US Department of Transportation, the Secretariat of Communications and Transportation of Mexico, and Transport Canada.
409
emesis
vomiting
410
emotional intelligence
the ability to understand and manage one's own emotions and properly respond to the emotions of others.
411
emphysema
a disease of the lungs in which there is extreme dilation and eventual destruction of the pulmonary alveoli with poor exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide; it is one form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
412
EMT-administered medication
administration of a medication by the EMT directly to the patient
413
endocrine glands
glands that secrete or release chemicals that are used inside the body.
414
endocrine system
the complex message and control system that integrates many body functions, including the release of hormones.
415
endometrium
the lining of the inside of the uterus.
416
endotracheal (ET) intubation
insertion of an endotracheal tube directly through the larynx between the vocal cords and into the trachea to maintain and protect an airway.
417
end-tidal CO2
the amount of carbon dioxide present at the end of an exhaled breath.
418
enteral medications
medications that enter the body through the digestive system
419
entrapment
to be caught (trapped) within a vehicle, room, or container with no way out or to have a limb or other body part trapped.
420
envenomation
the act of injecting venom
421
enzymes
substances designed to speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions.
422
epidemic
occurs when new cases of a disease in a human population substantially exceed the number expected based on recent experience.
423
epidermis
the outer layer of skin, which is made up of cells that are sealed together to form a watertight protective covering for the body.
424
epidural hematoma
an accumulation of blood between the skull and dura mater.
425
epiglottis
a thin, leaf-shaped valve that allows air to pass into the trachea but prevents food and liquid from entering.
426
epiglottitis
a bacterial infection in which the epiglottis becomes inflamed and enlarged and may cause an upper airway obstruction.
427
epilepsy
a disorder in which abnormal electrical discharges occur in the brain, causing seizures and possible loss of consciousness; a medication that increases heart rate and blood pressure but also eases breathing problems by decreasing muscle tone of the bronchiole tree.
428
epinephrine
a medication that increases heart rate and blood pressure but also eases breathing problems by decreasing muscle tone of the bronchiole tree; a substance produced by the body (commonly called adrenaline), and a drug produced by pharmaceutical companies that increases pulse rate and blood pressure; the drug of choice for an anaphylactic reaction.
429
epistaxis
a nosebleed
430
esophageal intubation
improper placement of an advanced airway device into the esophagus rather than into the trachea.
431
esophagus
a collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach; muscle contractions propel food and liquids through it to the stomach.
432
ethics
the philosophy of right and wrong, of moral duties, and of ideal professional behavior.
433
ethnocentrism
when a person considers his or her own cultural values as more important when interacting with people of a different culture.
434
eustachian tube
a tube that connects the middle ear to the oropharynx
435
eustress
a beneficial response to a stressor.
436
evaporation
the conversation of water or another fluid from a liquid to a gas.
437
evidence-based medicine (EBM)
an approach to medicine where decisions are based on well-conducted research, classifying recommendations based on the strength of the scientific evidence; also called science-based medicine.
438
evisceration
the displacement of organs outside of the body.
439
excited delirium
a serious behavioral condition in which a person exhibits agitated behavior combined with disorientation, hallucinations, or delusions; also called agitated delirium or exhaustive mania.
440
exhalation
the passive part of the breathing process in which the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles relax, forcing air out of the lungs.
441
expiratory reserve volume
the amount of air that can be exhaled following a normal exhalation; average volume is about 1,200 mL in the average adult male.
442
exposure
a situation in which a person has had contact with blood, body fluids, tissues, or airborne particles in a manner that suggests disease transmission may occur.
443
expressed consent
a type of consent in which a patient gives verbal or nonverbal authorization for provision of care or transport.
444
extension
the straightening of a joint.
445
external auditory canal
the ear canal; leads to the tympanic membrane
446
external respiration
the exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood cells in the pulmonary capillaries; also called pulmonary respiration.
447
extremity lift
a lifting technique that is used for patients who are supine or in a sitting position with no suspected extremity or spinal injuries.
448
extrication
removal of a patient from entrapment or a dangerous situation or position, such as removal from a wrecked vehicle, industrial incident, or collapsed building.
449
extrication supervisor
in incident command, the person appointed to determine the type of equipment and resources needed for a situation involving extrication or special rescue; also called the rescue officer.
450
eyes-forward position
a head position in which the patient's eyes are looking straight ahead and the head and torso are in line.
451
fallopian tubes
the tubes that connect each ovary with the uterus and are the primary location for fertilization of the ovum.
452
false imprisonment
the confinement of a person without legal authority or the person's consent.
453
false motion
movement that occurs in a bone at a point where there is no joint, indicating a fracture; also called free movement.
454
fascia
the fiberlike connective tissue that covers arteries, veins, tendons, and ligaments.
455
febrile seizures
seizures that result from sudden high fevers; most often seen in children.
456
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
the federal agency that has jurisdiction over interstate and international telephone and telegraph services and satellite communications, all of which may involve EMS activity.
457
femoral artery
the major artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. it supplies blood to the lower abdominal wall, external genitalia, and legs. it can be palpated in the groin area.
458
femoral head
the proximal end of the femur, articulating with the acetabulum to form the hip joint.
459
femur
the thighbone; the longest and one of the strongest bones in the body.
460
fetal alcohol syndrome
a condition caused by consumption of alcohol by a pregnant woman; characterized by growth and physical problems, mental retardation, and a variety of congenital abnormalities in her child.
461
fetus
the developing, unborn infant inside the uterus, from 10 weeks after fertilization until birth.
462
fibula
the smaller of the two bones that form the lower leg, located on the lateral side.
463
field impression
the conclusion about the cause of the patient's condition after considering the situation, history, and examination findings.
464
finance/administration
in incident command, the position in an incident responsible for accounting of all expenditures.
465
first-responder vehicles
specialized vehicles used to transport EMS equipment and personnel to the scenes of medical emergencies.
466
flail chest
a condition in which two or more adjacent ribs are fractured in two or more places or in association with a fracture of the sternum so that a segment of the chest wall is effectively detached from the rest of the thoracic cage.
467
flame burn
a burn caused by an open flame.
468
flank
the region below the rib cage and above the hip.
469
flash burn
a burn caused by exposure to very intense heat, such as in an explosion.
470
flexible stretcher
a stretcher that is a rigid carrying device when secured around a patient but can be folded or rolled when not in use.
471
flexion
the bending of a joint.
472
flutter valve
a one-way valve that allows air to leave the chest cavity but not return; formed by taping three sides of an occlusive dressing to the chest wall, leaving the fourth side open as a valve; may also be part of a commercial vented occlusive dressing.
473
focal seizure
a seizure affecting a limited portion of the brain
474
focused assessment
a type of physical assessment typically performed on patients who have sustained nonsignificant mechanisms of injury or on responsive medical patients. this type of examination is based on chief complaint and focuses on one body system or part.
475
fontanelles
areas where the neonate's or infant's skull has not fused together; usually disappear at approximately 18 months of age.
476
foodborne transmission
the contamination of food or water with an organism that can cause diease.
477
foramen magnum
a large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord.
478
forcible restraint
the act of physically preventing an individual from initiating any physical action.
479
four-person log roll
the recommended procedure for moving a patient with a suspected spinal injury from the ground to a long backboard or other spinal precaution device.
480
Fowler position
an inclined position in which the head of the bed is raised
481
fracture
a break in the continuity of a bone.
482
freelancing
when individual units or different organizations make independent and often inefficient decisions about the next appropriate action.
483
freight bills
the shipping papers used for transport of chemicals along roads and highways; also referred to as bills of lading.
484
frontal bones
the bones of the cranium that form the forehead.
485
frostbite
damage to tissues as the result of exposure to cold; frozen or partially frozen body parts are frostbiten.
486
full-thickness (third degree) burns
burns that affect all skin layers and may affect the subcutaneous layers, muscle, bone, and internal organs, leaving the area dry, leathery, and white, dark brown, or charred.
487
functional disorder
a disorder in which there is no known physiologic reason for the abnormal functioning of an organ or organ system.
488
fundus
the dome-shaped top of the uterus.
489
G agents
early nerve agents that were developed by German scientist in the period after World War I and into World War II. There are three such agents: sarin, soman, and tabun.
490
gag reflex
a normal reflex mechanism that causes retching; activated by touching the soft palate or the back of the throat.
491
gallbladder
a sac on the undersurface of the liver that collects bile from the liver and discharges it into the duodenum through the common bile duct.
492
gamma (x-ray) radiation
a type of energy that is emitted from a strong radiologic source that travels faster and has more energy than alpha and beta rays. These rays easily penetrate through the human body and require load or several inches of concrete to prevent penetration.
493
gastric distention
a condition in which air fills the stomach, often as a result of high volume and pressure during artificial ventilation.
494
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
a condition in which the sphincter between the esophagus and the stomach opens, allowing stomach acid to move up into the esophagus, usually resulting in a burning sensation within the chest; also called acid reflux.
495
gel
a semiliquid substance that is administered orally in capsule form or through plastic tubes.
496
general adaption syndrome
the body's response to stress that begins with an alarm response, followed by a stage of reaction and resistance and then recovery or, if the stress is prolonged, exhaustion.
497
general impression
the overall initial impression that determines the priority for patient care; based on the patient's surroundings, the mechanism of injury, signs symptoms, and the chief complaint.
498
generalized (tonic-clonic) seizure
a seizure characterized by severe twitching of all of the body's muscles that may last several minutes or more; formerly known as a grand mal seizure.
499
generic name
the original chemical name of a medication (in contrast to one of its proprietary or trade names); the name is not capitalized.
500
genital system
the reproductive system in men and women.
501
geriatrics
the assessment and treatment of disease in someone who is age 65 years or older.
502
germinal layer
the deepest layer of the epidermis, where new skin cells are formed.
503
gestational diabetes
diabetes that develop during pregnancy in women who did not have diabetes before pregnancy.
504
gestational hypertension
a blood pressure greater than or equal to 140mm Hg systolic or 90 mm Hg diastolic in a pregnant female in whom hypertension has not previously been diagnosed.
505
Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score
an evaluation tool used to determine level of consciousness, which evaluates and assigns point values (scores) for eye opening, verbal response, and motor response, which are then totaled; effective in helping predict patient outcomes.
506
glenoid fossa
the part of the scapula that joins with the humeral head to form the glenohumeral joint.
507
globe
the eyeball
508
glottis
the space in between the vocal cords that is the narrowest portion of the adult's airway; also called the glottic opening.
509
glucose
one of the basic sugars; it is the primary fuel, in the conjunction with oxygen, for cellular metabolism.
510
Golden Hour
the time from injury to definitive care, during which treatment of shock and traumatic injuries should occur because survival potential is best; also called the Golden Period.
511
gonorrhea
a sexually transmitted disease caused by Neisseria gonorrheoae.
512
good air exchange
a term used to distinguish the degree of distress in a patient with a mild airway obstruction. With good air exchange, the patient is still conscious and able to cough forcefully, although wheezing may be heard.
513
Good Samaritan laws
statutory provisions enacted by many states to protect citizens from liability for errors and omissions in giving good-faith emergency medical care, unless there is wanton, gross, or willful negligence.
514
governmental immunity
Legal doctrine that can protect an EMS provider from being sued or that may limit the amount of the monetary judgement that the plaintiff may recover; generally applies only to EMS systems that are operated by municipalities or other governmental entities.
515
greater trochanter
a bony prominence on the proximal lateral side of the thigh, just below the hip joint.
516
gross negligence
conduct that constitutes a willful or reckless disregard for a duty or standard of care.
517
group
in the context of EMS, a collection of individual health care providers working independently to help the patient.
518
grunting
an "uh" sound heard during exhalation; reflects the child's attempt to keep the alveoli open; a sign of increased work of breathing.
519
guarding
involuntary muscle contractions (spasm) of the abdominal wall to minimize the pain of abdominal movement; a sign of peritonitis.
520
gum elastic bougie
a flexible device that is inserted between the glottis under direct laryngoscopy; the endotracheal tube is threaded over the device, facilitating its entry into the trachea.
521
hair follicles
the small organs that produce hair.
522
hallucinogen
an agent that produces false perceptions in any one of the five senses.
523
handover
the transfer of pertinent patient information and the responsibility for the patient's care; often involves the physical movement of the patient and associated equipment; also known as the handoff.
524
hay fever
an allergic response, usually to outdoor airborne allergens such as pollen or sometimes indoor allergens such as dust mites or pet dander; also called allergic rhinitis.
525
hazardous material
any substance that is toxic, poisonous, radioactive, flammable, or explosive and causes injury or death with exposure.
526
hazardous materials (hazmat) incident
an incident in which a hazardous material is no longer properly contained and isolated.
527
head tilt-chin lift maneuver
a combination of two movements to open the airway by tilting the forehead back and lifting the chin; not used for trauma patients.
528
health care directive
a written document that specifies medical treatment for a competent patient, should he or she become unable to make decisions. also known as an advance directive or a living will.
529
health care proxy
a type of advance directive executed by a competent adult that appoints another individual to make medical treatment decisions on his or her behalf in the event that the person making appointment loses decision-making capacity. also known as a durable power of attorney for health care.
530
health information exchange (HIE)
a system that allows EMS providers to access relevant health data (eg, past medical problems, medications, allergies, end-of-life decisions), avoid unnecessary duplication of effort in data entry, and view patient outcomes related to hospital care.
531
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
Federal legislation passed in 1996. Its main effect in EMS is in limiting availability of patients' health care information and penalizing violations of patient privacy.
532
heart
a hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body
533
heart rate (HR)
the number of heartbeats during a specific time (usually 1 minute)
534
heat cramps
painful muscle spasm usually associated with vigorous activity in a hot environment.
535
heat exhaustion
a heat emergency in which a significant amount of fluid and electrolyte loss occurs because of heavy sweating; also called heat prostration or heat collapse.
536
heatstroke
a life-threatening condition of severe hyperthermia caused by exposure to excessive natural or artificial heat, marked by warm, dry skin; severely altered mental status; and often irreversible coma.
537
hematemesis
vomiting blood
538
hematology
the study and prevention of blood related disorders
539
hematoma
a mass of blood that has collected within damaged tissue beneath the skin or in a body cavity.
540
hematuria
blood in the urine
541
hemiparesis
weakness on one side of the body
542
hemoglobin
an oxygen-carrying protein found in red blood cells.
543
hemophilia
a hereditary condition in which the patient lacks one or more of the blood's normal clotting factors.
544
hemopneumothorax
the accumulation of blood and air in the pleural space of the chest.
545
hemoptysis
the coughing up of blood
546
hemorrhage
bleeding
547
hemorrhagic stroke
a type of stroke that occurs as a result of bleeding inside the brain
548
hemostatic dressing
a dressing impregnated with a chemical compound that slows or stops bleeding by assisting with clot formation.
549
hemothorax
a collection of blood in the pleural cavity.
550
hepatitis
inflammation of the liver, usually caused by a viral infection, that causes fever, loss of appetite, jaundice, fatigue, and altered liver function.
551
hernia
the protrusion of an organ or tissue through an abnormal body opening.
552
herpes simplex
a common virus that is asymptomatic in 80% of people carrying it, but characterized by small blisters on the lips or genitals in symptomatic infections.
553
high-level disinfection
the killing of pathogenic agents by using potent means of disinfection.
554
hinge joints
joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate; they restrict motion to one plane.
555
histamines
chemical substances released by the immune system in allergic reactions that are responsible for many of the symptoms of anaphylaxis, such as vasodilation.
556
history taking
a step within the patient assessment process that provides details about the patient's chief complaint and an account of the patient's signs and symptoms.
557
hollow organs
structures through which materials pass, such as the stomach, small intestines, large intestines, ureters, and urinary bladder.
558
homeostasis
a balance of all systems of the body.
559
hormones
substances formed in specialized organs or glands and carried to another organ or group of cells in the same organism; they regulate many body functions, including metabolism, growth, and body temperature.
560
host
the organism or individual that is attacked by the infecting agent.
561
hot zone
the area immediately surrounding a hazardous materials spill or incident site that endangers life and health. All responders working in this zone must wear appropriate protective clothing and equipment. Entry requires approval by the incident commander or other designated officer.
562
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by HIV, which damages the cells in the body's immune system so that the body is unable to fight infection or certain cancers.
563
humerus
the supporting bone of the upper arm
564
hydroplaning
occurs when the tires of a vehicle are lifted off of the road surface as a result of water piling up underneath them, making the vehicle seem as if it is floating.
565
hydrostatic pressure
the pressure of water against the walls of its container.
566
Hymenoptera
a family of insects that includes bees, wasps, ants, and yellow jackets.
567
hypercapnia
an abnormally high level of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream; also called hypercarbia.
568
hypercarbia
increased carbon dioxide level in the bloodstream.
569
hyperglycemia
an abnormally high blood glucose level
570
hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNS)
a life-threatening condition resulting from high blood glucose that typically occurs in older adults and which causes altered mental status, dehydration, and organ damage.
571
hypertension
blood pressure that is higher than the normal range.
572
hypertensive emergency
an emergency situation created by excessively high blood pressure, which can lead to serious complications such as stroke or aneurysm.
573
hyperthermia
a condition in which the body core temperature rises to 101 degrees F (38.3 degrees C) or higher.
574
hyperventilation
rapid or deep breathing that lowers the blood carbon dioxide level below normal; may lead to increased intrathoracic pressure, decreased venous return, and hypotension when associated with bag-mask device use.
575
hyperventilation syndrome
this syndrome occurs in the absence of physical problems. the reparations of a person who is experiencing hyperventilation syndrome may be as high as 40 shallow breaths/min or as low as only 20 very deep breaths/min. this syndrome is often associated with panic attacks.
576
hypnotic
a sleep-inducing effect or agent.
577
hypoglycemia
an abnormally low blood glucose level
578
hypoperfusion
a condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to maintain normal cellular function; also called shock.
579
hyoptension
blood pressure that is lower than the normal range
580
hypothermia
a condition in which the internal body temperature falls below 95 degrees F (35 degrees C).
580
hypovolemic shock
a condition in which low blood volume, due to massive internal or external bleeding or extensive loss of body water, results inadequate perfusion.
581
hypoxia
deficient oxygen concentration in the tissues.
582
hypoxic drive
a condition in which chronically low levels of oxygen in the blood stimulate the respiratory drive; seen in patients with chronic lung diseases.
583
ileostomy
a surgical procedure to create an opening (stoma) between the small intestine and the surface of the body.
584
ileus
paralysis of the bowel, arising from any one of several causes; stops contractions that move material through the intestine.
585
ilium
one of three bones that fuse to form the pelvis ring.
586
immune
the body's ability to protect itself from acquiring a disease.
587
immune response
the body's response to a substance perceived by the body as foreign.
588
Immune system
Structures and processes that defend against foreign substances and disease causing agents
589
Immunology
Study of the body’s immune system
590
Impaled objects
Penetrating and objects that remain in place
591
Impedance threshold device (ITD)
Valve device that limits the amount of air entering the lungs during recoil phase of chest compressions
592
Implied consent
Person who is unable to give consent is given treatment under legal assumption he/she would want treatment
593
Incident action plan
Oral/written plan reflecting overall strategy for managing an incident
594
Incident commander (IC)
Individual who has overall command over field incident
595
Incision
Sharp smooth cut in the skin
596
Incontinence
Loss of bowel or bladder control
597
Incubation
Amount of time from exposure to an agent to when symptoms occur
598
Index of suspicious
Awareness of unseen life threats due to MOI
599
Indications
Therapeutic uses for a specific medication
600
Indirect contact
Transmission through contact of a contaminated object
601
induced abortion
the elective termination of a pregnancy prior to the time of viability.
602
infancy
the first year of life
603
infant
a young child age 1 month to 1 year
604
infraction
death of a body tissue, usually caused by interruption of its blood supply.
605
infection
the abnormal invasion of a host or host tissues by organisms such as bacteria, viruses, or parasites with or without signs or symptoms of disease.
606
infection control
procedures to reduce transmission of infection among patients and health care personnel.
607
infectious disease
a medical condition caused by the growth and spread of small, harmful organisms within the body.
608
inferior
below a body part or nearer to the feet.
609
inferior vena cava
one of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the lower extremities and the pelvis and the abdominal organs to the heart.
610
influenza
a virus that has crossed the animal/human barrier and infected humans and that kills thousands of people every year.
611
influenza type A
virus that has crossed the animal/human barrier and has infected humans, recently reaching a pandemic level with the H1N1 strain.
612
informed consent
permission for treatment given by a competent patient after the potential risks, benefits, and alternatives to treatment have been explained.
613
ingestion
swallowing; taking a substance by mouth
614
inhalation
the active, muscular part of breathing that draws air into the airway and lungs; a medication delivery route.
615
in loco parentis
refers to the legal responsibility of a person or organization to take on some of the functions and responsibilities of a parent.
616
inspiratory reserve volume
the amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation; the amount of air that can be inhaled in addition to the normal tidal volume.
617
insulin
a hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans (endocrine gland located throughout the pancreas) that enables glucose in the blood to enter cells; used in synthetic form to treat and control diabetes mellitus.
618
intellectual disability
a subset of developmental disability characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and skills needed for daily living.
619
intermodal tanks
shipping and storage vessels that can either be pressurized or nonpressurized.
620
internal respiration
the exchange of gases between the blood cells and the tissues.
621
international terrorism
terrorism that is carried out by people in a country other than their own; also known as cross-border terrorism.
622
interoperable communication system
a communication system that uses voice-over-internet protocol (VoIP) technology to allow multiple agencies to communicate and transmit data.
623
interrogatories
written questions that the defense and plaintiff send to one another
624
interstitial space
the space in between the cells
625
intervertebral disks
tough, elastic structures between adjoining vertebrae that act as shock absorbers.
626
intracellular space
the space within a cell or cells
627
intracerebral hematoma
bleeding within the brain tissue (parenchyma) itself; also referred to as an intraparenchymal hematoma.
628
intracranial pressure (ICP)
the pressure within the cranial vault
629
intramuscular (IM) injection
an injection into a muscle; a medication delivery route.
630
intranasal (IN)
a delivery route in which a medication is pushed through a specialized atomizer device called a mucosal atomizer device (MAD) into the naris.
631
intraosseous (IO) injection
an injection into the bone; a medication delivery route
632
intrapulmonary shunting
bypassing of oxygen-poor blood past nonfunctional alveoli to the left side of the heart
633
intravenous (IV) injection
an injection directly into a vein; a medication delivery route.
634
intravenous (IV) therapy
the delivery of medication directly into the vein.
635
involuntary activities
actions of the body that are not under a person's conscious control
636
involuntary muscle
the muscle over which a person has no conscious control. it is found in many automatic regulating systems of the body.
637
ionizing radiation
energy that is emitted in the form of rays, or particles.
638
iris
the muscle and surrounding tissue behind the cornea that dilate and constrict the pupil, regulating the amount of light that enters the eye; pigment in this tissue gives the eye its color.
639
irreversible shock
a condition defined by the inability to successfully achieve resuscitation regardless of the methods employed.
640
ischemia
a lack of oxygen that deprives tissues of necessary nutrients, resulting from partial or complete blockage of blood flow; potentially reversible because of permanent injury has not yet occurred.
641
ischemic stroke
a type of stroke that occurs when blood flow to a particular part of the brain is cut off by blockage (eg, a blood clot) inside a blood vessel.
642
ischium
one of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
643
jaundice
yellow skin or sclera that is caused by liver disease or dysfunction
644
jaw-thrust maneuver
technique to open the airway by placing the fingers behind the angle of the jaw and bringing the jaw forward; used for patients who many have a cervical spine injury.
645
joint
the place where two bones come into contact
646
joint capsule
the fibrous sac that encloses a joint
647
joint information center (JIC)
an area designated by the incident commander, or a designee, in which public information officers from multiple agencies distribute information about the incident.
648
jugular vein distention
a visual bulging of the jugular veins in the neck that can be caused by fluid overload, pressure in the chest, cardiac tamponade, or tension pneumothorax.
649
jump kit
a portable kit containing items that are used in the initial care of a patient.
650
JumpSTART triage
a sorting system for pediatric patients younger than 8 years or weighing less than 100 pounds (45 kg). there is a minor adaptation for infants because they cannot ambulate on their own.
651
junctional tourniquet
a device that provides proximal compression of severe bleeding near the axial or inguinal junction with the torso.
652
kidnapping
the seizing confining, abducting, or carrying away of a person by force including transporting a competent adult for medical treatment without his or her consent.
653
kidneys
two retroperitoneal organs that excrete the end products of metabolism as urine and regulate that body's salt and water content.
654
kidney stones
solid crystalline masses formed in the kidney, resulting from an excess of insoluble salts or uric acid crystallizing in the urine; may become trapped anywhere along the urinary tract.
655
kinetic energy
the energy of a moving object
656
Kussmaul respirations
deep, rapid breathing; usually the result of an accumulation of certain acids when insulin is not available in the body.
657
kyphosis
a forward curling of the back caused by an abnormal increase in the curvature of the spine.
658
labia majora
outer fleshy "lips" covered with pubic hair that protect the vagina.
659
labia minora
inner fleshy "lips" devoid of pubic hair that protect the vagina.
660
labored breathing
the use of muscles of the chest, back, and abdomen to assist in expanding the chest; occurs when air movement is impaired.
661
laceration
a deep, jagged cut in the skin.
662
lacrimal glands
the glands that produce fluids to keep the eye moist; also called tear glands.
663
lactic acid
a metabolic by-product of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic metabolism).
664
large intestine
the portion of the digestive tube that encircles the abdomen around the small bowel, consisting of the cecum, the colon, and the rectum, it helps regulate water balance and eliminate solid waste.
665
larynx
a complex structure formed by many independent cartilaginous structures that all work together; where the upper airway ends and the lower airway begins; also called the voice box.
666
lateral
parts of the body that lie farther from the midline; also called outer structures.
667
length-based resuscitation tape
a tape used to estimate an infant's or child's weight on the basis of body length; appropriate drug doses and equipment sizes are listed on the tape.
668
lens
the transparent part of the eye through which images are focused on the retina.
669
lesser trochanter
the projection on the medial/superior portion of the femur.
670
leukotrienes
chemical substances that contribute to anaphylaxis; released by the immune system in allergic reactions.
671
lewisite (L)
a blistering agent that has a rapid onset of symptoms and produces immediate, intense pain and discomfort on contact.
672
liaison officer
in incident command, the person who relays information, concerns, and requests among responding agencies.
673
libel
false and damaging information about a person that is communicated in writing.
674
licensure
the process whereby a competent authority, usually the state, allows people to perform a regulated act.
675
life expectancy
the average number of years a person can be expected to live.
676
ligments
bands of fibrous tissue that connects bones to bones. ligaments support and strengthen a joint.
677
lightening
the movement of the fetus down into the pelvis late in pregnancy
678
limb presentation
a delivery in which the presenting part is a single arm or leg.
679
linear skull fractures
fractures that commonly occur in the temporoparietal region of the skull and that are not associated with deformities to the skull; account for 80% of skull fractures; also referred to as nondisplaced skull fractures.
680
liver
a large, solid organ that lies in the upper right quadrant immediately below the diaphragm; it produces bile, stores glucose for immediate use by the body, and produces many substances that help regulate immune responses.
681
load-distributing band (LBD)
a circumferential chest compression device composed of a constricting band and backboard that is either electrically or pneumatically driven to compress the heart by putting inward pressure on the thorax.
682
logistics
in incident command, the position that helps produce and stockpile equipment and supplies during an incident.
683
lone wolf terrorist attack
an act of terror carried out by a single person to further an ideological goal.
684
lumbar spine
the lowest part of the back, formed by the lowest five nonfused vertebrae; also called the dorsal spine.
685
lumen
the inside diameter of an artery or other hollow structure
686
lymph
a thin, straw-colored fluid that carries oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to the cells and carries waste products of metabolism away from the cells and back into the capillaries so that they may be excreted.
687
lymph nodes
tiny, oval-shaped structures located in various places along the lymph vessels that filter lymph.
688
lymphatic system
a passive circulatory system in the body that transports a plasma like liquid called lymph, a thin fluid that bathes the tissues of the body.
689
malleolus
a rounded bony prominence on either side of the ankle; also called the ankle bone.
690
mandible
the bone of the lower jaw
691
manubrium
the upper quarter of the sternum
692
mass-casualty incident (MCI)
an emergency situation involving three or more patients or that can place great demand on the equipment or personnel of the EMS system or has the potential to produce multiple casualties.
693
mastoid process
the prominent bony mass at the base of the skull about 1 inch (2.5 cm) posterior to the external opening of the ear.
694
material safety data sheet (MSDS)
a form, provided by manufacturers and compounders (blenders) of chemical composition, physical and chemical properties, health and safety hazards, emergency response, and waste disposal of a specific material; also known as a safety date sheet (SDS).
695
maxillae
the upper jawbones that assist in the formation of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the palate and hold the upper teeth.
696
mean arterial pressure (MAP)
the average pressure in the circulatory system during one cardiac cycle.
697
mechanical piston device
a device that depresses the sternum via a compressed gas-powdered or electric-powered plunger mounted on a backboard.
698
mechanism of injury (MOI)
the forces, or energy transmission, applied to the body that cause injury.
699
meconium
fetal stool. when appearing as a dark green material in the amniotic fluid, it can indicate distress or disease in the newborn; it can be aspirated into the fetus's lungs during delivery.
700
MED channels
VHF and UHF channels that the Federal Communications Commission has designated exclusively for EMS use.
701
medevac
medical evacuation of a patient by helicopter
702
medial
parts of the body that lie closer to the midline; also called inner structures.
703
mediastinum
space within the chest that contains the heart, major blood vessels, vagus nerve, trachea, major bronchi, and esophagus; located between the two lungs.
704
medical control
physician instructions given directly by radio or cell phone (online/direct) or indirectly by protocol/guidelines (offline/indirect), as authorized by the medical director of the service program.
705
medical director
the physician who authorizes or delegates to the EMT the authority to provide medical care in the field.
706
medical emergancies
emergencies that are not caused by an outside force; illnesses or conditions.
707
medication
a substance that is used to treat or prevent disease or relieve pain.
708
medication error
inappropriate use of a medication that could lead to patient harm.
709
medicolegal
a term relating to medical jurisprudence (law) or forensic medicine.
710
medulla oblongata
nerve tissue that is continuous inferiorly with the spinal cord; severs as a conduction pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts; coordinates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing.
711
melena
black, foul-smelling, tarry stool containing digested blood.
712
menarche
the first menstrual cycle or onset of the first menstrual bleeding in females.
713
meninges
three distinct layers of tissue that surround and protect the brain and the spinal cord within the skull and the spinal canal.
714
meningitis
an inflammation of the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord; it is usually caused by a virus or a bacterium.
715
meningococcal meningitis
an inflammation of the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord; can be highly contagious.
716
menopause
the cessation of menstruation, typically in the fourth or fifth decade of life.
717
mental model
the picture of individual has in his or her head of "what's going on" in a given situation.
718
metabolism
the biochemical processes that result in production of energy from nutrients within the cells; also called cellular respiration.
719
metacarpals
bones of the hand, situated between the carpals and phalanges.
720
metatarsals
bones of the foot, situated between the tarsals and phalanges.
721
metered-dose inhaler (MDI)
a miniature spray canister used to direct medications through the mouth and into the lungs.
722
