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EMT Study > EMT Chp. 5-9 > Flashcards

EMT Chp. 5-9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the term for the front surface of the body?

A

Anterior (ventral)

The back surface is referred to as Posterior (dorsal).

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2
Q

What is the term for the back surface of the body?

A

Posterior (dorsal)

The front surface is referred to as Anterior (ventral).

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3
Q

What does the term ‘superior’ refer to?

A

Closest to the head

The opposite term is ‘inferior’, meaning closest to the feet.

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4
Q

What does the term ‘inferior’ refer to?

A

Closest to the feet

The opposite term is ‘superior’, meaning closest to the head.

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5
Q

What is the definition of ‘proximal’?

A

Closest to the point of attachment

The opposite term is ‘distal’, meaning farthest from the point of attachment.

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6
Q

What is the definition of ‘distal’?

A

Farthest from the point of attachment

The opposite term is ‘proximal’, meaning closest to the point of attachment.

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7
Q

What is the anatomical position when lying face down?

A

Prone

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8
Q

What is the anatomical position when lying face up?

A

Supine

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9
Q

What is the position called when a patient is sitting upright?

A

Fowler

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10
Q

How many bones compose the axial skeleton?

A

80 bones

This includes cranium, facial bones, ear bones, and vertebrae.

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11
Q

What are the names of the divisions of the spinal column?

A

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacrum, Coccyx

Each division contains a specific number of vertebrae.

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12
Q

What muscle separates the thorax from the abdomen?

A

Diaphragm

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13
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis?

A

Covers the larynx to prevent contact with solid or liquid materials

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14
Q

What are the components of the upper airway?

A
  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx
  • Larynx
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15
Q

What are the components of the lower airway?

A
  • Thyroid Cartilage
  • Cricoid Cartilage
  • Cricothyroid Membrane
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16
Q

What is the difference between respiration and ventilation?

A
  • Ventilation: movement of air between lungs and environment
  • Respiration: gas exchange providing oxygen to cells and removing carbon dioxide
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17
Q

Define diffusion.

A

A passive process where molecules move from high to low concentration

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18
Q

What stimulates the body to breathe?

A

The buildup of carbon dioxide and the pH change in the cerebrospinal fluid

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19
Q

True or False: The hypoxic drive is the body’s primary system for stimulating breathing.

A

False

The hypoxic drive is a backup system when oxygen levels fall.

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20
Q

What are agonal respirations?

A

Occasional gasping breaths that are inadequate

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21
Q

What are the characteristics of normal breathing?

A
  • Normal rate and depth
  • Regular rhythm
  • Clear breath sounds
  • Regular chest movement
  • Abdominal movement
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22
Q

Define cardiac output.

A

The amount of blood moved in 1 minute

Calculated as CO = HR x SV.

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23
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Help with the initial formation of blood clots

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24
Q

Which arteries do not carry oxygenated blood?

A
  • Pulmonary Artery
  • Aorta (only carries oxygenated blood)
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25
Q

Define systole.

A

When the left ventricle contracts and pumps blood into the aorta

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26
Q

Define diastole.

A

The time between contractions when the ventricle is relaxed

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27
Q

How much blood does the average adult have in their body?

A

6 Liters

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28
Q

What happens in the body when too much blood is lost?

A

Patient goes into shock

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29
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A
  • Protects from the environment
  • Maintains normal body temperature
  • Transmits sensory information
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30
Q

What percentage of oxygen is in the air we breathe?

A

21%

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31
Q

What percentage of oxygen is in the air we exhale?

A

16%

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32
Q

Neonates are primarily _______ breathers.

A

nose

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33
Q

What is the safest and most powerful method for lifting a patient?

A

Power Lift

34
Q

What is the best way to carry a conscious patient up or down a flight of stairs?

A

Stair Chair

35
Q

What should you do if you discover that a patient is too heavy for you to lift?

A

Stop the lift, lower the patient, and obtain additional help

36
Q

What is the first step of performing the rapid extrication technique?

A

Apply manual in-line support of the patient’s head and cervical spine

37
Q

What is the concept of continuum of care?

A

entails emergency health care providers recognizing that by working together as a unified team from first patient contact to patient discharge, it is possible to improve individual and team performance, patient and provider safety, and ultimately, patient outcome.

38
Q

What are the general guidelines for the transfer of patient care?

A
  • Uninterrupted
  • Minimal interference
  • Respectful
  • Common priorities
  • Common language
39
Q

What could be the consequence of a BLS worker performing a skill outside of their level of certification?

A

Liability

40
Q

Medial

A

Closest to the midline

41
Q

Lateral

A

Farthest from the midline

42
Q

Deep

A

Farthest from the surface of the skin.

43
Q

Superficial

A

Closest to the surface of the skin

44
Q

Semi-Fowler

A

Patient sitting at a 45 degree angle

45
Q

High-Fowler

A

Patient sitting at a 90 degree angle

46
Q

Cranium Bones

A

Temporal, Parietal, Occipital, Ethmoid, and Sphenoid bone
(Axial Skeleton)

47
Q

Facial Bones

A

Maxilla (upper jawbone), Mandible (lower jawbone), Zygomas (cheek bones), Nasal Bone
(Axaial Skeleton)

48
Q

Foramen Magnum

A

Base of the cranium

49
Q

How many bones are in the spinal column

A

33

50
Q

How many vertebrae in Thoracic Spine

A

8-19

51
Q

How many vertebrae in Lumbar Spine

A

20-24

52
Q

How many vertebrae in Sacrum Spine

A

25-29

53
Q

How many vertebrae in Coccyx

A

30-33

54
Q

Where is the greater trochanter located in the body?

A

Greater Trochanter is located proximal to the femoral head and neck on the lateral side of the femur.

55
Q

Hypoxic Drive

A

The body’s backup system. When oxygen levels fall this system will stimulate breathing. There are areas in the brain, the walls of the aorta, and the carotid arteries that act as oxygen sensors. These sensors are satisfied by minimal levels of oxygen in the arterial blood. Less sensitive and less powerful than carbon dioxide sensors in the brainstem.

56
Q

How is cardiac output calculated

A

CO=HR x SV
Ex: 70 beats/min x 75 mL/beat = 5,250 mL/min or 5.25 L/min.

57
Q

Which Arteries do not carry oxygenated blood

A

Pulmonary Arteries

58
Q

Major Arteries and where they’re located

A

Aorta (main artery leaving the back left side of the heart, carries freshly oxygenated blood to the body)
Pulmonary Artery (right side of the heart, and carries oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs)
Arterioles (smallest branch of an artery leading to capillaries

59
Q

Carotid Artery

A

Central Pulse
Upper portion of the neck

60
Q

Femoral Artery

A

Central Pulse
In the groin

61
Q

Radial Artery

A

Peripheral Pulse
At the wrist, and at the base of the thumb

62
Q

Brachial Artery

A

Peripheral Pulse
On the medial aspect of the arm, elbow, and shoulder

63
Q

Posterior Tibial Artery

A

Peripheral Pulse, Posterior to the medial malleolus

64
Q

Dorsalis Pedis Artery

A

Peripheral Pulse
On the top of the foot

65
Q

How much blood do children have

A

2-3L

66
Q

How much blood do infants have?

A

300mL

67
Q

Which organs are considered retroperitoneal organs and why are they called that?

A

They lie behind the posterior sheath of the peritoneum and include the aorta, esophagus, second and third parts of the duodenum, ascending and descending colon, pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and adrenal glands.

68
Q

Be familiar with the differences between an infant’s upper airway and that of an adult.

A

A​ child’s cricoid cartilage is harder and stronger. An infant’s number of alveoli is relatively low, and so is there oxygen. The Infant tongue is larger in proportion to the size of the oral cavity, and the airway is proportionally shorter and narrower.)

69
Q

Be familiar with the “Special Populations” box on page 262.

A

When you interview adolescents in the presence of their family, they may withhold certain information or even lie to protect their privacy or image. For this reason, you should attempt to ask more sensitive questions privately, where adolescents feel they can answer without constraint.

70
Q

Common factors that would affect an older patient’s vital signs

A

Cardiac function declines with age, due in large part to atherosclerosis. Because the vascular system of older adults becomes stiff, blood vessels are unable to dilate and contract as effectively as a result diastolic blood pressure increases. The airway increases in size. Breathing is more laborious because alveoli has less surface area. Structures protecting the upper airway decrease in function. Cough and gag reflexes diminish along with the ability to clear secretions. They’re at greater risk for aspiration and airway obstruction. Glucose and metabolism slows. Medications, overall health, medical conditions

71
Q

Define atherosclerosis

A

A condition characterized by the buildup of cholesterol and calcium along the inner walls of blood vessels, resulting in the formation of plaque.

72
Q

What is the effect of the vascular system of the older adult becoming stiff?

A

Blood vessels are unable to dilate and contract as effectively.

73
Q

The increase of risk of bleeding the the skull is most directly related t

A

atrophy or shrinkage of the brain creates space between the brain and dura mater (subdural space)

74
Q

What is the first key rule of lifting a patient?

A

Always keep your back in a straight upright (vertical) position, and lift without twisting. Always face the patient and point your feet in the same direction. Spread your legs shoulder width apart.

75
Q

What is the safest and most powerful method for lifting a patient?

A

Power Lift

76
Q

guidelines for carrying a patient on a stretcher?

A
  1. Estimate the weight of both the patient and the associated equipment to be lifted and gauge the limitations of your team’s abilities.
  2. Coordinate your movement with those of the other team members while constantly communication with them
  3. Do not twist your body as you are carrying the patient.
  4. Keep the weight that you are carrying as close to your body as possible while keeping your back in a locked-in position.
  5. Do not bend at the waist; this could hyperextend your back. Instead, flex at the hips, and bend at the knees.
77
Q

The stretcher should be pushed from the____ end

A

head

78
Q

When carrying a patient down stairs, always keep the _____elevated

A

head

79
Q

What situations should the rapid extrication technique be used?

A

The vehicle or scene is unsafe
Explosives or other hazardous materials are on the scene
There is a fire or danger of fire
The patient cannot be properly assessed before being removed from the vehicle
The patient has a life-threatening condition
The patient blocks your access to another seriously injured patient.

80
Q

What is the first step of performing the rapid extrication technique?

A

The first provider applies the manual in-line support of the patient head and cervical spine from behind or side.

81
Q

working interdependently as part of a true team

A

Each provider is assigned to a particular area or task, all of the providers in an interdependent group work together with shared responsibilities, accountability, and a common goal. Opposed to focusing on the goals of the respective areas.

82
Q

What could be the consequence of a BLS worker performing a skill outside of their level of certification?

A

You risk liability

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