EMT Chapter 7 Anatomy & Physiology. Flashcards
What is the .default anatomical position?
Patient standing erect, .facing forwards with arms down at sides and palms forward
Supine position
lying face up on back
Prone position
face down on stomach
What is recovery position
lying on side
Lying on side is formally called
lateral recumbent position
Patents should be positioned on side to allow
easy monitoring of their airway
Patients on their side should be flipped after
30 minutes
Why flip patients on their side
To avoid possible injury from impaired blood flow to lower arm
Fowler’s position
Patient is lying on back with upper body elevated from 45-60 degree angle
Semi-Fowler’s position
Patient is lying on back with body elevated at an angle less than 45
Trendelenburg position
Patient lying on back with legs elevated higher than head
Which position is no longer used and why?
Trendelenburg; because abdominal organs can push against diaphragm from gravity, making breathing more difficult; also it may increase pressure on skull (in patients with head injury
Which position is no longer used and why?
Trendelenburg; because abdominal organs can push against diaphragm from gravity, making breathing more difficult; also it may increase pressure on skull (in patients with head injury
Which position is no longer used and why?
Trendelenburg; because abdominal organs can push against diaphragm from gravity, making breathing more difficult; also it may increase pressure on skull (in patients with head injury
Shock position
Only the feet and legs are elevated (12 inches)
What are the three planes
Transverse, sagittal, and frontal
Frontal plane divides body into
front and back
Transverse plane divides body into
Top and bottom (upper and lower halves)
Also known as axial plane
transverse plane
The sagittal plane divides body into
left and right
if the sagittal line divides body into equal parts, its known as
mid-sagittal line
Frontal plane is also known as the
coronal plane
A vertical line going from middle of armpit to ankles dividing body into front and back halves
Midaxillary line
Front half of patient
anterior plane
Back half of patient
posterior plane
Line dividing body into top and bottom from waist
Transverse line
Half of body above waist
superior plane
Half of body below waist
inferior plane
Word meaning toward front
anterior
Word meaning toward head
superior
Word meaning toward feet or below
inferior
Word meaning toward back (or backbone)
Dorsal
Word meaning toward front or belly
ventral
Medial meaning
Towards mid-line or center of body
lateral meaning
to the left or right of midline
word meaning near point of reference
proximal
Word meaning far from point of reference
distal
plantar meaning
sole of the foot
palmar meanign
palm of the hand
Tendon vs ligament
Tendons connect muscles to bones, ligaments connect bones to bones
Is the midline a vertical or horizontal line?
Vertical
What word means close to midline
Medial
What means away from midline?
Lateral
The ankle is __ to the knee but __ to the foot
Distal; proximal (further from body than knee but closer to body than foot)
What is flexion
Bending of a join
What is extension of a joint?
Straightening
Adduction vs. abduction
Adduction is movement towards body (midline), abduction is moving away from the body
The abdominal region is divided into
Quadrants (upper/lower; left/right)
What separates chest cavity from abdominal cavity?
Diaphragm
What is space behind abdominal cavity?
Retroperitoneal space (where kidney is)
How many neck bones allow a lot of movement
2 (the top 2)
The thoracic spine has what attached to it?
Rib bones
Organs that filter blood
Kidneys, spleen and liver
When injured, organs that are
Solid bleed, hollow rupture
What does pancreas do?
Produce hormones including insulin and pancreatic juice that neutralizes stomach acid and a further break down food
What does gall bladder do?
Stores bile and releases into small intestine; helps breakdown food further
Purpose of small intestine
Absorb nutrients and food
What does large intestine do?
Absorbs water and turns what’s left into feces
Quadrant location of stomach
Primarily upper left
Location of liver
Primarily upper right
Location of spleen
Upper leaft
Location of gallbladder
Upper right
Location of pancreas (mostly)
Upper left
Function of spleen
Filter blood mostly for bacteria, help with immune system
Is spleen solid or hollow?
Solid
Function of kidney
Filter blood, form urine, regulate water and electrolytes, blood pressure
The pelvis contains what organ s
Reproductive organs and bladder
Biceps/Triceps which pulls?
Bicep
Do triceps to flexion or extension?
Extension
The arm bone connected to shoulders
Humerus
The larger of the two forearm bones
Radius
The smaller of two forearm bones
Ulna
The middle hand bones
Metacarpal
The wrist bones
Carpal bones
Main bone of thigh
femur
Way to remember adduction vs abduction
Abduction is like kidnapping (taking away) (adduction is adding back)
What’s the opposite of extension
Flexion
What is adduction/abduction
Abduction is movement away from midline, adduction is moving towards midline
Knee cap bone
patella
Shine bone
tibia
lower leg bone (adjacent to shin)
fibula
What are the toe bones?
Phalanges
What are the middle part of the foot bones
metatarsals
What are the bones of hindfoot called
tarsals
What are carpal bones
Bones that create the wrist
What are tarsal bones
Bones of the back of the foot
What are the metacarpal bones?
Bones of the middle part of the hand
How to remember tarsal vs. carpal?
C comes before T in alphabet, hand before feet (carpal bones are in the hand)
Instructor: What are the types of joints?
Ball and socket and hinge
Types of muscles
skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
Cardiac does not tolerate interruption in
perfusion
___ muscle has its own electrical system
cardiac
___ muscle cells have ability to
self-excite
Perfusion is
delivery of oxygen to tissues (out of capillary bed and into tissues)
Capillary bed is a network of capillaries that
supplies an organ
The neck bones are called the
cervical spine
The Upper back bones are called the
thoracic spine
The lower back bones
lumbar spine
Abdominal organs on the left side (my right)
spleen & stomach
Abdominal organs on the right side (my left)
liver, gallbladder, & pancreas
Jaw bones
maxillae - upper jaw; mandible is lower jaw
What are zygomatic bones
cheeckbones
What is circumduction
Combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction
What is a muscle that does circumduction
shoulder
Which type of muscle is voluntary
skeletal
Pronation
turning forearm so palm is turned towards the back
supination
turning the forearm so palm is turned towards front
What is respiration?
intake of oxygen/release of C02 (across membranes of body)
Oxygenation is a form of ___ in which oxygen molecules move from
respiration; area of high oxygen concentration to low concentration
The mouth is part of the __ airway
upper
The trachea is part of the ___ airway
lower
Lowest part of upper airway
larynx
Nare is another word for
nostril
Ventilation is the
mechanical process by which air is moved in and out of the lungs
Respiratory system also assists in regulation of the balance of
acid and base elements in the body
Acid or Base level increases cause respiration to increase
acid
Proximal means
toward trunk of body
What are the 5 vital signs we check
respiration (breathing rate) pule, temperature, blood pressure and pupils
What is true of victims in critical condition?
They are receiving CPR, are in respiratory arrest (not breathing) or are needing (life saving) ventilation/circulation support
Unstable patients are
unresponsive to external stimuli or responsive but unable to obey commands
Potentially unstable patients examples include
shock, uncontrolled bleeding or severe pain
