EMT Chapter 7 Anatomy & Physiology. Flashcards by Ron Richard

What is the .default anatomical position?

Patient standing erect, .facing forwards with arms down at sides and palms forward

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Supine position

lying face up on back

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Prone position

face down on stomach

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What is recovery position

lying on side

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Lying on side is formally called

lateral recumbent position

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Patents should be positioned on side to allow

easy monitoring of their airway

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Patients on their side should be flipped after

30 minutes

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Why flip patients on their side

To avoid possible injury from impaired blood flow to lower arm

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Fowler’s position

Patient is lying on back with upper body elevated from 45-60 degree angle

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Semi-Fowler’s position

Patient is lying on back with body elevated at an angle less than 45

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Trendelenburg position

Patient lying on back with legs elevated higher than head

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Which position is no longer used and why?

Trendelenburg; because abdominal organs can push against diaphragm from gravity, making breathing more difficult; also it may increase pressure on skull (in patients with head injury

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Which position is no longer used and why?

Trendelenburg; because abdominal organs can push against diaphragm from gravity, making breathing more difficult; also it may increase pressure on skull (in patients with head injury

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Which position is no longer used and why?

Trendelenburg; because abdominal organs can push against diaphragm from gravity, making breathing more difficult; also it may increase pressure on skull (in patients with head injury

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Shock position

Only the feet and legs are elevated (12 inches)

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What are the three planes

Transverse, sagittal, and frontal

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Frontal plane divides body into

front and back

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Transverse plane divides body into

Top and bottom (upper and lower halves)

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Also known as axial plane

transverse plane

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The sagittal plane divides body into

left and right

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if the sagittal line divides body into equal parts, its known as

mid-sagittal line

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Frontal plane is also known as the

coronal plane

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A vertical line going from middle of armpit to ankles dividing body into front and back halves

Midaxillary line

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Front half of patient

anterior plane

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Back half of patient

posterior plane

Line dividing body into top and bottom from waist

Transverse line

Half of body above waist

superior plane

Half of body below waist

inferior plane

Word meaning toward front

Word meaning toward head

superior

Word meaning toward feet or below

inferior

Word meaning toward back (or backbone)

Dorsal

Word meaning toward front or belly

ventral

Medial meaning

Towards mid-line or center of body

lateral meaning

to the left or right of midline

word meaning near point of reference

proximal

Word meaning far from point of reference

distal

plantar meaning

sole of the foot

palmar meanign

palm of the hand

Tendon vs ligament

Tendons connect muscles to bones, ligaments connect bones to bones

Is the midline a vertical or horizontal line?

Vertical

What word means close to midline

Medial

What means away from midline?

Lateral

The ankle is __ to the knee but __ to the foot

Distal; proximal (further from body than knee but closer to body than foot)

What is flexion

Bending of a join

What is extension of a joint?

Straightening

Adduction vs. abduction

Adduction is movement towards body (midline), abduction is moving away from the body

The abdominal region is divided into

Quadrants (upper/lower; left/right)

What separates chest cavity from abdominal cavity?

Diaphragm

What is space behind abdominal cavity?

Retroperitoneal space (where kidney is)

How many neck bones allow a lot of movement

2 (the top 2)

The thoracic spine has what attached to it?

Rib bones

Organs that filter blood

Kidneys, spleen and liver

When injured, organs that are

Solid bleed, hollow rupture

What does pancreas do?

Produce hormones including insulin and pancreatic juice that neutralizes stomach acid and a further break down food

What does gall bladder do?

Stores bile and releases into small intestine; helps breakdown food further

Purpose of small intestine

Absorb nutrients and food

What does large intestine do?

Absorbs water and turns what’s left into feces

Quadrant location of stomach

Primarily upper left

Location of liver

Primarily upper right

Location of spleen

Upper leaft

Location of gallbladder

Upper right

Location of pancreas (mostly)

Upper left

Function of spleen

Filter blood mostly for bacteria, help with immune system

Is spleen solid or hollow?

Solid

Function of kidney

Filter blood, form urine, regulate water and electrolytes, blood pressure

The pelvis contains what organ s

Reproductive organs and bladder

Biceps/Triceps which pulls?

Bicep

Do triceps to flexion or extension?

Extension

The arm bone connected to shoulders

Humerus

The larger of the two forearm bones

Radius

The smaller of two forearm bones

Ulna

The middle hand bones

Metacarpal

The wrist bones

Carpal bones

Main bone of thigh

femur

Way to remember adduction vs abduction

Abduction is like kidnapping (taking away) (adduction is adding back)

What's the opposite of extension

Flexion

What is adduction/abduction

Abduction is movement away from midline, adduction is moving towards midline

Knee cap bone

patella

Shine bone

tibia

lower leg bone (adjacent to shin)

fibula

What are the toe bones?

Phalanges

What are the middle part of the foot bones

metatarsals

What are the bones of hindfoot called

tarsals

What are carpal bones

Bones that create the wrist

What are tarsal bones

Bones of the back of the foot

What are the metacarpal bones?

Bones of the middle part of the hand

How to remember tarsal vs. carpal?

C comes before T in alphabet, hand before feet (carpal bones are in the hand)

Instructor: What are the types of joints?

Ball and socket and hinge

Types of muscles

skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

Cardiac does not tolerate interruption in

perfusion

___ muscle has its own electrical system

cardiac

___ muscle cells have ability to

self-excite

Perfusion is

delivery of oxygen to tissues (out of capillary bed and into tissues)

Capillary bed is a network of capillaries that

supplies an organ

The neck bones are called the

cervical spine

The Upper back bones are called the

thoracic spine

The lower back bones

lumbar spine

Abdominal organs on the left side (my right)

spleen & stomach

Abdominal organs on the right side (my left)

liver, gallbladder, & pancreas

Jaw bones

maxillae - upper jaw; mandible is lower jaw

What are zygomatic bones

cheeckbones

What is circumduction

Combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction

What is a muscle that does circumduction

shoulder

Which type of muscle is voluntary

skeletal

Pronation

turning forearm so palm is turned towards the back

supination

turning the forearm so palm is turned towards front

What is respiration?

intake of oxygen/release of C02 (across membranes of body)

Oxygenation is a form of ___ in which oxygen molecules move from

respiration; area of high oxygen concentration to low concentration

The mouth is part of the __ airway

upper

The trachea is part of the ___ airway

lower

Lowest part of upper airway

larynx

Nare is another word for

nostril

Ventilation is the

mechanical process by which air is moved in and out of the lungs

Respiratory system also assists in regulation of the balance of

acid and base elements in the body

Acid or Base level increases cause respiration to increase

acid

Proximal means

toward trunk of body

What are the 5 vital signs we check

respiration (breathing rate) pule, temperature, blood pressure and pupils

What is true of victims in critical condition?

They are receiving CPR, are in respiratory arrest (not breathing) or are needing (life saving) ventilation/circulation support

Unstable patients are

unresponsive to external stimuli or responsive but unable to obey commands

Potentially unstable patients examples include

shock, uncontrolled bleeding or severe pain