EMT 205-1 Flashcards
any substance taken by mouth injected into a muscle, blood vessel, or cavity of the body, or applied topically to treat or prevent a disease or condition
drug
what are the 5 major sources that drugs are derived from
plants humans and animals minerals microorganisms chemical substances created in a lab
what four types of names can identify a drug
chemical name
generic name
trade name
official name
this drug name describes a drugs molecular structure
chemical name
this drug name is often an abbreviated form of the chemical name, and is used more commonly than the chemical name
generic name
this drug name is a trademark name designated by the drug company that sells the medication
trade name
this drug name is followed by the initials USP
official name
the official book of drug standards in the United States is called the
United States Pharmacopeia
when drug actions are desirable they are said to have a ____ effect
therapeutic
when drug actions are undesirable or even harmful they are called ____ effects
side
drugs do not confer any new functions on a tissue or organ, they only….
modify existing effects
a drug that interacts with a receptor to stimulate a response is known as an…
agonist
a drug that attaches to a receptor but does not stimulate a response is called an ….
antagonist
pharmaceutics is the….
science of dispensing drugs
the term dissolution refers to the rate at which…..
a solid drug goes into solution after ingestion
what must happen for drugs to cross the cell membranes to achieve absorption
they must be in solution
_________ involves the movement of drug molecules from the entry site to the general circulation
absorption
the degree to which drugs attain pharmacological activity depends partly on the
rate and extent to which they are absorbed, which depend on the ability of the drug to cross the cell membrane
how do most drugs cross cell membranes
passive diffusion
what factors does the rate of drug absorption depend on
nature of absorbing surface blood flow to site of administration solubility of drug pH of drug environment drug concentration form of drug dosage
drugs administered via the enteral route are administered where
any portion of GI tract
the length of time a medication remains in the stomach depends on….
pH of the environment
gastric motility
why does the intestine have a larger absorption area than the stomach
has a rich blood supply
how much of a drug that is administered rectally bypasses the liver
50%
why is drug absorption at the rectum erratic
rectal contents
local drug irritation
uncertainty of drug retention
the parenteral route of drug administration is any route that does not utilize the
GI tract
why is drug absorption in the lungs rapid
large surface area and capillary network of the alveoli
what are the two general processes that create drug reservoirs
plasma protein binding
tissue binding
what is the main plasma protein that drugs bind to
albumin
the blood brain barrier consists of a single layer of capillary endothelial cells, this arrangement allows only ______ drugs to be distributed into the brain and CSF
lipid soluble
what are examples drugs that can pass through the placental barrier
antibiotics
steroids
narcotics
what two processes does the body use to eliminate drugs
biotransformation
excretion
a process in which drugs are chemically converted to matabolites
biotransformation
where does biotransformation primarily take place, what are other sites that it takes place
the liver (primary) kidneys plasma lungs intestinal mucosa
the process that occurs when orally administered drugs that are absorbed through the GI tract pass through the liver before entering the systemic circulation
first pass metabolism
what happens in first pass metabolism
a large amount of the drug is metabolized before reaching systemic circulation, which reduces the amount of the drug that is available for distribution
the primary organ for excretion is the
kidneys
the 3 mechanisms of renal excretion are
passive glomerular filtration
active tubular secretion
partial reabsorption
why are pediatric patients more sensitive to drugs than adults
immature hepatic and renal systems
why are geriatric patients more sensitive to drugs than younger adults
decline in hepatic and renal systems
drug doses for children who weigh less than ___ lb and are younger than ____ years old are always based on body mass
150
18
what determines a drugs biological half life
rate of biotransformation and excretion of the drug
what is a drugs biological half life
the time it takes to metabolize or eliminate 50% of a drug in the body
a drug is considered to be eliminated from the body after
5 half lives have passed
the therapeutic index is a measurement of the relative safety of a drug and represents the ratio between what two factors
lethal dose 50
effective dose 50
why might higher doses of water soluble drugs be necessary for infants
proportionally higher volumes of total body water
higher ratio of ecf to icf
thus higher doses may be needed for effective blood volumes
protein binding of drugs is reduced in infants, therefore the concentration of
free drug in plasma is increased
can result in greater drug effect or toxicity
the blood brain barrier in infants is _____ _____ than in adults
less effective
what agency is responsible for regulating biological products
public health service
the agency that is the sole legal drug enforcement body in the US
drug enforcement agency
what schedule are heroin, weed, tetrahydrocannabinols
schedule 1
what schedule is morphine, fentanyl, cocaine
schedule 2
the study of how a drug acts on a living organism
pharmacodynamics
the study of how the body handles a drug over a period of time
pharmacokinetics
