EMS's

Question 1

Voluntary Policy Instruments in the Spanish Hotel Sector (?;?)

Answer 1

Ayuso 2007
Ecolabels and EMSs appear most effective - formal certification systems
Differentiation in the market
BUT generally those that apply for them already have a record of environmental practices and don’t have to make a big effort to fulfil certification criteria
BUT they’re the only 2 that guarantee improvement of enviro performance beyond strategic commitment

Question 2

Italian companies not renewing their EMAS registration (?;?)

Answer 2

Preziosi et al 2016
EU Eco-Management and Audit Scheme est. 1997
Post-2008 no. of registrations stopped growing and declines
Reasons:
- public doesn’t care
- low degree of regulatory relief for EMAS registered companies
- Unclear/insufficient benefits
- Lack of member state incentives
- Costs
- Small firms lacking human and financial resources to invest
= need financial support and simplified measures for small orgs.