EMS Chapters Flashcards
Airway - The passage by which air enters and leaves the body. Structures of the airway are the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
Chapter 8 - Airway Management
Bronchoconstriction - the contractions of smooth muscle that lines the bronchial passages that results in a decreased internal diameter of the airway increased resistance to airflow.
Chapter 8 - Airway Management
Stridor - A high pitch sound generated from a partially obstructed airflow the upper airway.
Chapter 8 - Airway Management
The main structures of the airway are the nose, mouth, pharynx., larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
Chapter 8 - Airway Management
Alveolar Ventilation - the amount of air that reaches the Alveoli.
Chapter 8 - Airway Management
Artificial Ventilation - Forcing air or oxygen into the lungs when a patient has stopped breathing or has inadequate breathing. Also call Positive Pressure Ventilation.
Chapter 8 - Airway Management
Cellular Respiration - The Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between cells and circulating blood.
Chapter 8 - Airway Management
Cyanosis– A Blue or gray color resulting from lack of oxygen in the body.
Chapter 8 - Airway Management
Diffusion – A process by which the molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Chapter 8 - Airway Management
Hypoxia –An insufficiency of oxygen in the body’s tissues.
Chapter 8 - Airway Management
Pulmonary Respiration–the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the circulating blood in the pulmonary capillaries.
Chapter 8 - Airway Management
Respiration – The Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the blood (Pulmonary Respiration) in between the blood and the cells (Cellular Respiration). Also used to mean simply BREATHING.
Chapter 8 - Airway Management
Ventilation – Breathing in and out (inhalation and exhalation), or artificial provision of breaths.
Chapter 8 - Airway Management
Breathing Rates:
Adult 12-20 /min
Child 15-30 /min
infant 25-50 /min
Chapter 8 - Airway Management
Ventilation Rates:
Adult 12-20 /min
Child 20 /min
infant 20 /min
Chapter 8 - Airway Management
BVM
- System must have a non-jam valve that allows an Oxygen inlet flow of 15 LPM
- The valve should be nonrebreathing and not subject to freezing in cold temperatures.
- Most systems have standard 15/22 respiratory fitting to ensure a proper fit with other respiratory equipment, face masks, and endotracheal tubes.
- BVM systems without a reservoir deliver approximately 50% oxygen.
- BVM Systems with a reservoir provide 100% oxygen.
- The bag itself will hold anywhere from 1002 1600 mL of air.
Chapter 8 - Airway Management
Oxygen cylinders:
When full pressure will be equal to 2000 to 2200 psi.
Chapter 8 - Airway Management
The following cylinders are common use care: D cylinder–350 L of O2 E cylinder–625 L of O2 Fixed systems on ambulances: M cylinder - 3000 L of O2 G cylinder–5300 L of O2 H cylinder–6900 L of O2
Chapter 8 - Airway Management
BVM WITH Reservoir = 100% Concentration BVM W/O Reservoir = 50% Concentration Non-Rebreather = 80-90% @ 12-15 LPM Nasal Cannula = 24-44% @ 1-6 LPM Partial Rebreather = 40-60% @ up to 15 LPM Tracheostemy Mask = 8-10 LPM
Chapter 8 - Airway Management
When performing mouth to mask ventilation on adult patient ventilations should be delivered over 1 second.
Chapter 8 - Airway Management
When fully pressurized, and oxygen tank should have approximately 2000 PSI on the gauge.
Chapter 8 - Airway Management
The portable oxygen cylinder that will last the longest in the field, of the choices listed is the E tank. An M tank is not a portable tank.
Chapter 8 - Airway Management
Prior to connecting the regulator to the oxygen supply tank, the EMT should remove the protective seal and open the valve.
Chapter 8 - Airway Management
The most important part of the patient assessment is the chief complaint.
Chapter 12 - Vital Signs and Monitoring Devices
Auscultation–– Listening. A stethoscope is used to auscultate for characteristic sounds
Chapter 12 - Vital Signs and Monitoring Devices
Brachial Artery– The major artery in the arm.
Chapter 12 - Vital Signs and Monitoring Devices
Brachial Pulse– The pulse felt in the upper arm.
Chapter 12 - Vital Signs and Monitoring Devices
Bradycardia– A slow pulse; any pulse rate below 60 bpm.
Chapter 12 - Vital Signs and Monitoring Devices
Carotid Pulse– The pulse felt along the large carotid artery on either side of the neck.
Chapter 12 - Vital Signs and Monitoring Devices
Diastolic Blood Pressure– The pressure remaining in the artery when the left ventricle of the heart is relaxed and refilling.
Chapter 12 - Vital Signs and Monitoring Devices
Radial Pulse - Pulse felt at the wrist.
Chapter 12 - Vital Signs and Monitoring Devices
Systolic Blood Pressure - The pressure created when the heart contracts enforces blood out into the arteries.
Chapter 12 - Vital Signs and Monitoring Devices
Tachycardia– A rapid pulse rate; any pulse rate above 100 bpm.
Chapter 12 - Vital Signs and Monitoring Devices
Vital Signs– Outward signs of what is going on inside the body, including respiration; skin color, temperature, and condition (plus capillary refill in infants and children) pupils, and blood pressure.
Chapter 12 - Vital Signs and Monitoring Devices
Oxygen saturation is NOT considered to be a vital sign, though many EMS providers included with their consideration of the vital signs.
Chapter 12 - Vital Signs and Monitoring Devices
When taking a patient pulse, you’re concerned with two factors: Rate and Quality
Chapter 12 - Vital Signs and Monitoring Devices
Normal Pulse Rates: Adult –60 to 100 Adolescent (11-14) 60 to 105 School Age (6 - 10) 70 to 110 Preschool (3-5) 80 to 120 Toddler (1-3) 80 to 130 Infant (6 - 12 mo.) 80 to 140 Infant (0 -5 mo.) 90 to 140 Newborn 120 to 160
Chapter 12 - Vital Signs and Monitoring Devices
Pulse Rate:
The normal rate for an adult at rest is between 60 and 80 bpm.
Any pulse rate above 100bpm is rapid (Tachycardia)
Any pulse rate below 60bpm is slow (Bradycardia)
Chapter 12 - Vital Signs and Monitoring Devices
Respiration - The act of breathing IN and OUT.
Concerning factors include RATE and QUALITY.
Chapter 12 - Vital Signs and Monitoring Devices
The best places to assess skin color in adults are the nail beds, inside the cheeks, and inside of the lower eyelids.
In infants and Children the best place is to look are the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet.
Chapter 12 - Vital Signs and Monitoring Devices
SYSTOLIC <— This is THE TOP NUMBER
Chapter 12 - Vital Signs and Monitoring Devices
Serious low blood pressure is generally considered to exist when the SYSTOLIC PRESSURE (TOP NUMBER) falls below 90.
Chapter 12 - Vital Signs and Monitoring Devices
In general, a healthy, normal person will have a temperature greater than 96 F and less than 100 F.
Chapter 12 - Vital Signs and Monitoring Devices
Oxygen Saturation:
O2 Saturation is NOT considered a vital sign.
O2 Saturation is typically 96 to 100% in a normal healthy person.
91% to 95% indicates mild hypoxia.
86% to 90% indicates significant or moderate hypoxia.
85% or less indicates severe hypoxia.
Chapter 12 - Vital Signs and Monitoring Devices
The pulse oximeter will produce falsely high readings in patients with carbon monoxide and certain other uncommon toes of poisoning.
Chapter 12 - Vital Signs and Monitoring Devices
Blood Glucose Meters:
A normal blood glucose level is usually at least 60 to 80 mg/dl and no more than 120 or 140.
Chapter 12 - Vital Signs and Monitoring Devices
The quality of the pulse includes determining the RYTHEM AND FORCE.
Chapter 12 - Vital Signs and Monitoring Devices
Palpating the blood pressure will read the SYSTOLIC only.
Chapter 12 - Vital Signs and Monitoring Devices
One of the most important factors that determine the normal range of vitals is AGE.
Chapter 12 - Vital Signs and Monitoring Devices
How often you repeat the vital signs will depend on the patient’s condition:
1) At least every 15 min. for stable patients.
2) At least every 5 min. for unstable patients.
Chapter 12 - Vital Signs and Monitoring Devices
SAMPLE Signs and Symptoms Allergies Medications Pertinant Past History Last Oral Intake Events leading up to the injury or illness
Chapter 13 - Assessment of the Trauma Patient
Although it is important to consider Mechanism of Injury, a better and more accurate way to look at this is to consider Mechanism OR Injury. This is because not just the Mechanism of injury must be assessed, but also actual injuries to the patients must be assessed in form in a complete evaluation of the severity or potential severity of the patient’s condition.
Chapter 13 - Assessment of the Trauma Patient
No Significant Mechanism of Injury:
AFTER SCENE SIZE-UP AND PRIMARY ASSESSMENT
1.) Determine Chief Complaint and elicit information about how the patient was injured. (History of present illness).
2.) Perform Secondary Assessment badeas on the chief complaint and the mechanism of injury.
3.) Assess baseline vital signs.
4.) Obtain a past medical history.
Chapter 13 - Assessment of the Trauma Patient
Significant Mechanism of Injury:
AFTER SCENE SIZE-UP AND PRIMARY ASSESSMENT
1.) Determine the chief complaint and rapidly elicit information about how the patient was injured (History of the Present Illness).
2.)Continue manual stabilization of the head and neck.
3.) Consider requesting advanced life support personnel.
4.) Perform rapid trauma assessment.
5.) Assess baseline vital signs.
6.) Obtain a past medical history.
Chapter 13 - Assessment of the Trauma Patient
DCAPBTLS Deformities Contusions Abrasions Punctures Burns Tenderness Lacerations Swelling
Chapter 13 - Assessment of the Trauma Patient
Signs and Symptoms -
SIGN is OBJECTIVE - Something you see, hear, feel, and smell when examining the patient.
Chapter 13 - Assessment of the Trauma Patient
Signs and Symptoms -
SYMPTOM is SUBJECTIVE - an indication you cannot observe but that the patient feels and tells you about.
Chapter 13 - Assessment of the Trauma Patient`
