Employment

Question 1

Occupational sex segregation

Answer 1

Occupation dominated by either men or women

Question 2

Vertical segregation

Answer 2

Segregation associated with differences of education, experience, and skill within the same field

Question 3

Horizontal segregation *most important

Answer 3

Segregation WITHIN occupations in different filers of educational and skill requirements

women dominated jobs = pay less
Women are under represented in occupations that matter and over represented in jobs that do not matter

Question 4

Pink collar jobs

Answer 4

Performs jobs in the service industry

Question 5

Blue collar jobs

Answer 5

Skilled or unskilled Manuel labor

Question 6

Sex segregation

Answer 6

Physical, legal, and cultural separation of people according to their biological sex

Question 7

Emotion work

Answer 7

Work done in a conscious effort to maintain the well being of a relationship

Question 8

Glass ceiling / sticky floor

Answer 8

An unofficially acknowledged barrier to advancement in a profession, especially affecting women and members of minorities

Question 9

Glass cellar

Answer 9

Lowest tier of hazardous and poorly paid jobs

Question 10

Glass escalator

Answer 10

Female dominated professions where I men enter those professions and rise up past women, reviewing promotions at quicker rates than women

Question 11

Token

Answer 11

Recruiting a small number of people from underrepresented groups in order to give the appearance of sexual or racial equality within a workplace

Question 12

Statistics

Answer 12

Population in men = lower

Work force in men = higher

Question 13

Educational statistics

Answer 13

Ages 25-44
Men = 88.3% women 82%
More educated = more likely to participate in labor force
3/4 of women work after uni

Question 14

% of employed women with children

Answer 14

Female lone parents = spike in 1995 (welfare reform)

2/3 of women work when children hit the age of 3

increase in Labor force over the last 30-40 years

Question 15

Make dominated occupations

Answer 15

(White supremacy)

Women in trades = lower than 2% - do not need uni education

Principals = men (secondary schools) (elementary more equal = but still higher)

Question 16

Female dominated occupations

Answer 16

Early childhood educators 96.8% difficult for men, sexual predators

Nurturers, emotion work - bring why they do at home to the work force
Marginalized as irrelevant, no effort

27% chair positions (too devoted to children)
Journalism = talk about health

Question 17

Gendered occupations - little cross over

Answer 17

Male occupations:
Mechanics
Repair men
Electricians
Plumbers
Construction 
Mining

Female:
Dental assistants
Early childhood educators
Care providers
Receptionists
Nutritionists

Question 18

Feminization of occupations

Answer 18

Nurturers

Emotion work

Question 19

Wage gap

Answer 19

Personal choices (agency)
Sexist cultural expectations (structure) 

AB 63%

More education = gap

Better for men to go to private sphere
Gap increases as both genders age
Kids effect jobs (promotions, salary) reduces 15% per year

8% men are nurses but dominate in surgeons

Women key to success = man up, ignore
Glass escalator pushes promotion for men but penalizes women

Foreign born make more than women

Childress women sometimes earn the same as men - personal choices effect expectations

Annual earnings for women and men

Difference

Women earn less

Question 20

Bona fide occupational qualifications

Answer 20

Employment law
Employers are allowed to consider when making decisions on the hiring and Retention of employment

NO DISCRIMINATION

Question 21

Deviance neutralization

Answer 21

How deviants justify their deviant behaviour by providing alternative definitions of their actions and providing explanations

Question 22

Employment equity

Answer 22

Encourages representations from people with disabilities, women, aboriginals, and visible minority’s

Question 23

Family friendly workplace policies

Answer 23

Polices that make it possible for employees to more easily balance family and work and to fulfill both their family and work obligations

Question 24

Hostile environment sexual harassment

Answer 24

Sexual actions based on sex , gender, gender identity , or sexual orientation that creates a hostile workplace environment

Question 25

Male breadwinner

Answer 25

Ideal of the family in which men earn a family wave and provide while wives do domestic labor

Question 26

Female house wife model

Answer 26

Women do the domestic labor and stay at home

Question 27

Meiorin test

Answer 27

Employers need to consider in establishing job-related requirements

Question 28

Mommy track

Answer 28

A career path for women who opt to sacrifice promotions and pay raises in order to devote more time to raising their children

Question 29

Pay equity

Answer 29

Eliminating sex and race discrimination in the wage setting system

Question 30

Pin money

Answer 30

A small sum of money for spending on inessentials

Question 31

Precarious work

Answer 31

Nonstandard employment that is poorly paid, insecure, unprotected, and cannot support a household

Question 32

Quit pro qui sexual harassment

Answer 32

Occurs in the workplace when a manager or other authority figure offers or merely Hints that he or she will give the employees something (a raise or promotion) in return for that employees satisfaction of a sexual demand

Raise or promotion in exchange for sex

Question 33

Sexual harassment

Answer 33

Harassment in a work place or professional setting - unwanted sexual advances

Question 34

Women’s movement

Answer 34

1960

Question 35

Trends encouraging women’s labor force participation

Answer 35

1.Dissatisfaction with homemaker/ mother role

2.Women’s movement
1960

3. Changing gender roles
   Changing more for women than men
4. Birth control
5. Educational opportunities
6. Job aspirations
7. Expanding economy
   More jobs opened up
8. Delay in life events (marriage/children)
9. Economic necessity
   Cost of living, education increased

Question 36

Gendered educational tracks ->

Answer 36

Gendered occupations

Question 37

Representation and climate

Answer 37

When men enter feminine occupations their masculinity is under attack
Deviant

Men get the most physically demanding jobs

The glass escalator 
Move out of female dominated areas
Promoted quickly
Experience quick vertical ascend 
Take their gender privileges with them

Question 38

Gender inequality in employment

Answer 38

Gendered education streams
Leads to feminized occupations - unequal distribution

Feminization of occupations (pink collar jobs)
Accommodating for family responsibilities

Job tenure and experience
Taking time off effects job responsibilities- affects promotions, make complex jobs

Family responsibilities
Women take more time off compared to men

Different work patterns
Often based around a mans schedule

Workplace discrimination
Intent needs to be proven - glass ceiling and sticky floors

Question 39

Solutions

Answer 39

Employment equity legislation
Inequalities lead to sticky floors

Pay equity legislations

Family friendly workplace policies
Impacts the quality of life

Cultural changes that address gender stereotypes
Nurturer vs breadwinner

Cultural changes that address separate sphere arrangement
Emotion work

Cultural changes that address devaluation of women’s work

Question 40

Meritocracy

Answer 40

Government holding power by people delved on the basis of their ability