Empires Expand/ Europe in Transition

Question 1

Religious disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states, so they used the Spanish Armada

Answer 1

King Philip sends the spanish Armada, 130 ships and 30,000 men in total to force England to return to Catholicism and dethrone Queen Elizabeth. They failed when the Phantom ships the english set on fire worked as a distraction while their own army flanked them. They scattered the Spanish ships.

Question 2

Religious disputes let to rivalries and conflict between states, such as the Dutch Revolt

Answer 2

Dutch merchants revolt against Catholic Spain. Alliances of “independent” Dutch provinces come together to go against the Spanish.

Question 3

Political disputes caused the Seven Years War aka French and Indian War (1754 - 1763)

Answer 3

Between French and Britain over who gained territory in NA. American Indians fought over their territory but lost because they didn’t have as much artillery or weapons to fight them off. France lost control of their colonies, giving way to British Expansion

Question 4

Political disputes caused Piracy

Answer 4

Because of constant competition, some would go under the table sponsored by the government, called privatiers. However, these people thought why not just take it all for ourselves instead of giving it to the government, creating piracy.

Question 5

New Monarchs Attempts at Centralization of Power
Examples of New Monarchs

Answer 5

French Louis XIV (The Sun King, 1638-1715), was devoutly catholic. Spain was an absolute monarchy under Philip II. Looked to enhance treasures by developing sources of finances. In Russia, Tsars restricted freedom of russian peasants and became serfs to the land. Had a caste like social order that restricted occupational and geographic mobility. Ivan the Terrible was a great expansionist.

Question 6

New Monarchs Attempts at Centralization of Power
How did Bureaucracy help centralize Monarchs?

Answer 6

France used bureaucracy to remain loyal to him. Helped keep control and have people completely devoted to him. Russia used Bureaucrats for tax collection.

Question 7

New Monarchs Attempts at Centralization of Power
How did new methods of Taxation help centralize?

Answer 7

In spain, they made direct taxes of the people on sale items and salt trade. The taxes and new world money (silver) brought wealth so spain. Russia raised money with tax farming under Peter the Great, which paid for a standing army

Question 8

New Monarchs Attempts at Centralization of Power
How did professional armies help centralize?

Answer 8

Taxes were used to to pay for expensive gunpowder weapons and military. With a large standing army and a powerful one, the country gaines legitimacy because they have more power in the military.

Question 9

New Monarchs Attempts at Centralization of Power
How did marriage centralize power?

Answer 9

Using marriage for rulers helped to intertwine different communities and gained support from outside states and kingdoms.

Question 10

New Monarchs Attempts at Centralization of Power
Intimidation and land bribes

Answer 10

Violence was heavily used. People were publicly hung, burned, ect. Defenestration was a tactic created by the Protestants, throwing them out of windows. Land bribes were used register land, transfer titles, pay property taxes, ect. Like used in Russia. Russia also killed whole cities of people who opposed him.

Question 11

Divine Right

Answer 11

The belief that god gave earthly power to rulers, so God chose them to rule. They use this idea to justify their absolute power, such as King Louis did.

Question 12

How did art Centralize power?

Answer 12

They were used to display wealth and power over their kingdom. It was a visual tool to connect their authority to God. It was a physical representation of their power and gained them legitimacy.

Question 13

How did architecture centralize power?

Answer 13

European palaces were used to legitimize their rules, like Versaille, under Louis XIV. Their seize and luxury symbolize european monarchies wealth and strength to help centralize power.

Question 14

Martin Luther’s Criticism of the catholic Church

Answer 14

Thought that the Church interfered with political affairs, like making treaties between Spain and Portugal. They had growing wealth instead of helping the poor. Manipulated sinners for money in order to be forgiven from god. Closed monasteries, wouldn’t translate bible from Latin to vernacular. He rejected the Church’s hierarchy. Church settled disputes among rulers, and kept land they gained, and corrupt clergy of people who wanted to marry and have kids.

Question 15

Groups supporting the Reformation

Answer 15

Because of Luther posting a paper on Wittenborg church, people joined the reformation. German princes were attracted to the message, but they saw it as a place to build power bases. Some clergy members want reform so they can have children and marry. Merchants like the idea of being able to trade more and not having to give their money away.

Question 16

30 year war

Answer 16

Thirty year war was a continental conflict from 1618-1648. It was between the Catholics and Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire after Protestants gathered in prague, and definistrated multiple catholic regents which was the start of the war. They fought over politics and economics with religious undertones. ⅓ of german population died because of the war.

Question 17

Counter Reformation

Answer 17

1550’s, the catholics responded to the Reformation by clarifying differences between Catholic and Protestant churches. Wanted to stop the spread of protestants. Rejected emphasis on self-discipline and individual faith and didn’t change doctrinal ideas. They used the mystery of Jesus to enhance God’s miracle. They didn’t compromise, and built Jesuit schools to expand church. Late decided if these people didn’t return to Catholicism, kill them. They start attacking religious minorities like muslims, jews, and protestants.

Question 18

Sources of Knowledge spread

Answer 18

Because of the decreased power of the church, it weakened views of everything about science. Trade with the east, exploration, reformation, education, and the printing press, spread ideas quickly.

Question 19

Scientific Revolution
Changes in the way of thinking about the world

Answer 19

New theories challenged the church’s ideas that we are unique and in God’s image. Questioning began as mathematics and science were the ones to prove scientific properties instead of the church.

Question 20

Scientific Revolution
Examples of new scientific learning

Answer 20

Planetary orbit is elliptical. Isaac Newton wrote principles of philosophy, gravitational pull. Galileo used telescope, saw spots on the sun, and mountains on the moon. Used scientific method of observation and math reasoning. Made the first laws of physics about movement and inertia.

Question 21

State expansion and centralization led to resistance, like the Fronde

Answer 21

Nobles and local elite didn’t like the absolutism of the king. Fronde was a reaction of policies that the Cardinal De Richelieu made. They had an assembly of courts made a list including abolition of intendants, tax reductions, approval of taxes by parliament. Martin Luther impacted French History by revealing selfish interest of nobility to offer effective leadership. The Fronde was the last serious challenge to the monarchy in France until the Revolution of 1789.

Question 22

Cossacks where caused because of resistance from centralization

Answer 22

Cossacks were fighting Russia’s opposition groups. Their heritage led to self-ruled horsemen who appeared in the 14th century. They fought of mongols and tartar raids, a buffer between russia and mongols. They then participated in rebellions until they signed a treaty. They rebelled by raiding russian settlements

Question 23

English Civil war

Answer 23

Charles I and parliament, or loyalist Anglicans went against Calvinist puritans who wanted to purify England’s church of Catholicism elements. They didn’t want high taxes that the king was passing without permission, so they fought in the English Civil war. Oliver Cromwell captured Charles and tried him for tyranny, having him beheaded. Oliver became a dictatorship, but restoration begins in 1660 when parliament resort the monarchy with Charles II, but the conflict between king and Parliament continues.

Question 24

Spanish Inquisition

Answer 24

During the monarchy of Ferdinand II and Isabella, they had the Spanish Inquisition in 1478 to root out those who were against the catholic faith like Jues, mislims, and protestants. Dominant force for more than 200 years, resulting in 32,000 executions. Fewared that Jewish population would become more powerful than them.

Question 25

St. Bartholomew’s day Massacre (1572, Paris)

Answer 25

Plotted to kill Catherine de’ Medici, and carried out by Roman Catholic nobles and other citizens. Charles IX was the son of Catherine and feared Admiral Coligny growing influence over her son, as he persuaded him to prevent a civil war. Planned to assassinate Coligny. The governemnt investigated the assassination attempt, but Catherine made a new plan. The first victim was Coligny as he was defenestrated, and then the homes of French Protestants. It was said that 70,000 protestants were killed because of Catherine de Medici.

Question 26

Pilgrims in England

Answer 26

Pilgrims wanted a place of religious freedom, which ended up in them being harassed, fined, or sent to jail. They went to Dutch Netherlands instead.

Question 27

Rise of the Merchant Class

Answer 27

Merchants demanded more political and social status, so they bought noble titles

Question 28

Rise of the merchant class
Global Trade

Answer 28

They favored Maritime trade and the building of commercial empires abroad in the form of Joint Stock Companies. This created an alliance between rulers and merchants since they were bringing in money for the empires. This created a new Merchant Gentry.