Emphysema, pulmonary emboli, respiratory distress syndrome, metastases to the lungs, pleural pain Flashcards
emphysema clinical presentation from forced inspiration?
barrel chest
Pulmonary embolism: 95% of thromboemboli originate in
Deep leg veins from stasis
Pulm embolism presentation:
sudden dyspnea, lightheadedness, tachycardia
Auscultation of pt with pulm emboli
vary from normal to slightly diminished breathing sounds
Radiograph of pulm embolism
example: saddle pulm embolus
common tumors that metastasize to the lung
salivary gland, thyroid, breast, kidney, colon, uterine, bladder, ovarian prostate
why are the lungs a common site of cancer matastases?
The lung capillary bed is next to the capillary bed into which cells that leave the primary tumor travel via the blood and this means the pulm cap bed more likely for cancer cells to get lodged into.
clinical observations of emphysema
diminished breath sounds
high pitched rhonchi at end of expiration
hyperresonant percussion note
discomfort during breathing, extra effort to involve accessory muscles to lift the sternum
environmental causes of emphysema
smoking, pollutants
genetic causes of emphysema
alpha 1-antitrypsin (antiproteinase) deficiency
in emphysema, there is an increase of which lymphocyte?
neutrophils and macrøphages in the alveolar space
why is the destruction of elastin critical in the disease process of emphysema?
when the elastin of brochioles are destroyed, this untethers them from the lung parenchyma because bronchioles don’t have hyaline cartilage. This leads to diminished stretch and recoil of the lung.
clinical presentation of emphysema from an alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency and disease target
the disease acts within the alveolar duct and alveolus (panacinar, damage to the entire acinus), early onset indicates accelerated disease process
