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Psych 1100 > Emotions, Stress & Health > Flashcards

Emotions, Stress & Health Flashcards

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1
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

Emotions arise from our awareness of our specific bodily responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.

Example: We observe our heart racing after a threat and then feel afraid.

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2
Q

Cannon-Bard

A

Emotion-arousing stimuli trigger our bodily responses and simultaneous subjective experience. (Fight or flight).

Example: Our heart races at the same time that we feel afraid.

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3
Q

Schachter-Singer

A

Our experience of emotion depends on two factors: general arousal and a conscious cognitive label.

Example: We may interpret our arousal as fear or excitement, depending on the context.

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4
Q

Zajonc; LeDoux

A

Some embodied responses happen instantly, without conscious appraisal.

Example: We automatically feel startled by a sound in the forest before labeling it as a threat.

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5
Q

Lazarus

A

Cognitive appraisal (Danger or no?)-sometimes without our awareness-defines emotion.

Example: The sound is “just the wind.”

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6
Q

In the two-tracked brain, sensory input may be routed to the ___ (via the thalamus) for analysis and then transmission to the ___; or directly to the ___ (via the thalamus) for an instant emotional reaction.

A

Cortex, Amygdala, Amygdala

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7
Q

Facial Feedback Effect

A

The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness.

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8
Q

Behavior Feedback Effect

A

The tendency of behavior to influence our own and others’ thoughts, feelings, and actions.

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9
Q

Causes of Anger

A

Sometimes anger is a response to someone’s perceived misdeeds, especially when the persons’ act seems willful, unjustified, and avoidable. Small hassles and blameless annoyances- foul odors, high temperatures, traffic jam, aches, and pains- also have the power to make us angry.

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10
Q

Consequences of Anger

A

Chronic hostility is linked to heart disease. Anger boosts our heart rate, causes our skin to sweat, and raises our testosterone levels.

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11
Q

What are the three ways to manage your anger?

A

Wait, Find a healthy distraction or support, distance yourself.

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12
Q

Wait

A

Will reduce your psychological arousal. Any emotional arousal will simmer down if you wait long enough.

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13
Q

Find a healthy distraction or support

A

Calm yourself by exercising, playing and instrument, or talking things through with a friend. Brain scans show that ruminating inwardly about why you are angry serves only to increase amygdala blood flow.

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14
Q

Distance yourself

A

Try to move away from the situation mentally, as if you are watching it unfold from a distance. Self-distancing reduces rumination, anger, and aggression.

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15
Q

What is the feel-good, do-good phenomenon?

A

People’s tendency to be helpful when in a good mood.

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16
Q

What is positive psychology?

A

Scientific study of human flourishing aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities thrive.

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17
Q

Positive Well-Being

A

Satisfaction with the past, happiness with the present, and optimism about the future.

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18
Q

Positive Character

A

Focuses on exploring and enhancing creativity, courage, compassion, integrity, self-control, leadership, wisdom, and spirituality.

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19
Q

Positive groups, communities, and cultures

A

Seeks to foster a positive social ecology- this includes healthy families, communal neighborhoods, effective schools, socially responsible media and civil dialogue.

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20
Q

Adaption-level phenomenon

A

Happiness is relative to our own experience.

Our tendency to form judgements (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level is defined by our prior experience.

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21
Q

Relative deprivation

A

Happiness is relative to others’ success.

The perception that one is worse off relative to those to whom one compares oneself.

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22
Q

Researchers have found that happy people tend to

A

Have high self-esteem, Be optimistic, Outgoing & agreeable, Have close, positive & lasting relationships, Have work & leisure that engage their skills, Have an active religious faith, sleep well & exercise.

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23
Q

Happiness is not much related to

A

Age, Gender, Physical Attractiveness

24
Q

How does stress make us vulnerable to disease?

A

Stress can leave you less able to fight off disease because your nervous system and endocrine systems influence your immune system.

25
Q

What affects your immune system’s activity?

A

Age, nutrition, genetics, body temperature, and stress.

26
Q

Take control of your time.

A

Happy people feel in control of their lives: Set goals and divide them into daily aims. We all tend to overestimate how much we
will accomplish on any given day, but the good news is that we generally underestimate how much we can accomplish in a year,
given just a little daily progress.

27
Q

Act happy.

A

Research shows that people who are manipulated into a smiling expression feel better. So put on a happy face. Talk as if you feel
positive self-esteem, are optimistic, and are outgoing. We can often act our way into a happier state of mind.

28
Q

Seek work and leisure that engage your skills.

A

Happy people often are in a zone called flow—absorbed in tasks that challenge but don’t overwhelm them. Passive forms of
leisure (watching TV) often provide less flow experience than exercising, socializing, or expressing artistic interests.

29
Q

Buy shared experiences rather than things

A

Money buys more happiness when spent on experiences, especially on socially shared experiences, that you look forward to,
enjoy, remember, and talk about. The shared experience of a college education may cost a lot, but, as pundit Art Buchwald said,
“The best things in life aren’t things.”

30
Q

Join the “movement” movement

A

Aerobic exercise can relieve mild depression and anxiety as it promotes health and energy. Sound minds reside in sound bodies.

31
Q

Give your body the sleep it wants.

A

Happy people live active lives yet reserve time for renewing sleep and solitude. Sleep debt results in fatigue, diminished
alertness, and gloomy moods. If you sleep now, you’ll smile later.

32
Q

Give priority to close relationships

A

Compared with unhappy people, happy people engage in less superficial small talk and more meaningful conversations. So
resolve to nurture your closest relationships by not taking your loved ones for granted: Give them the sort of kindness and
affirmation you give others. Relationships matter.

33
Q

Focus beyond self.

A

Perform acts of kindness. Happiness increases helpfulness, but doing good also makes us feel good.

34
Q

Count your blessings and record your gratitude

A

Keeping a gratitude journal heightens well-being. Take time to savor positive experiences and achievements, and to appreciate
why they occurred. Express your gratitude to others.

35
Q

Nurture your spiritual self.

A

Faith provides a support community, a reason to focus beyond self, and a sense of purpose and hope for many people. That helps
explain why people active in faith communities report greater-than-average happiness and often cope well with crises.

36
Q

Describe the two ways in which your immune system can err when it doesn’t function properly.

A
  1. Responding too strongly, it may attack the body’s tissues, causing an allergic reaction or a self-attacking disease, such
    as lupus, multiple sclerosis, or some forms of arthritis.
  2. Underreacting, the immune system may allow a bacterial infection to flare, a dormant virus to erupt, or cancer cells to
    multiply.
37
Q

What were the three examples (from the textbook) of immune system suppression in humans?

A
  1. Surgical wounds heal more slowly in stressed people.
  2. Stressed people are more vulnerable to colds.
  3. Stress can hasten the course of the disease.
38
Q

The field of ____ studies the mind-body interactions, including the effects of psychological, neural,
and endocrine functioning on the immune system and overall health.

A

psychoimmunology

39
Q

What general effect does stress have on our health?

A

Stress tends to reduce our immune system’s ability to function properly so that higher stress generally leads to a greater risk of
physical illness.

40
Q

What does having a Type A personality mean? Type B? What is the health outcome linked to Type A personalities?

A

Type A personalities are more pessimistic, reactive, competitive, hard-driving, impatient, time-conscious, super-motivated,
verbally aggressive, and easily angered, whereas Type B personalities are more easygoing. Coronary heart disease is linked to
Type A personality.

41
Q

What are the three main types of stressors?

A

(1) Catastrophes, (2) Significant life changes, (3) Daily hassles

42
Q

What are three health outcomes associated with persistent stress?

A

(1) Heart disease, (2) Inflammation of body tissues, (3) Cancer
*Depression and heart disease may result when chronic stress triggers blood vessel inflammation.

43
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

A

Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress has three phases:
1. Phase 1 - you have an alarm reaction, as your sympathetic nervous
system is suddenly activated. Your heart rate zooms. Blood is diverted
to your skeletal muscles. You feel the fairness of shock.
2. Phase 2 - resistance, your tem[perature, blood pressure, and respiration
remain high. Your adrenal glands pump hormones into your
bloodstream.
3. Phase 3 - exhaustion. With exhaustion, you become more vulnerable to
illness or, in extreme cases, collapse and death.

44
Q

Tend-and-befriend response

A

Under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with
and seek support from others (befriend).

45
Q

Problem-focused coping

A

Attempting to alleviate stress directly - by changing the stressor or
the way we interact with that stressor

46
Q

Emotion-focused coping

A

Attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and
attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction

47
Q

How do optimism and pessimism affect health outcomes?

A

● Pessimists are prone to higher levels of stress hormones, lowered immune response, increased levels of cancer, tend to
experience more isolation, greater conflict and stress, poorer health, and reduced well-being.

● Optimism appears to be associated with lower levels of distress, slower disease progression, improved survival rates in
patients with HIV, healthier stress levels and a higher perception of life satisfaction

48
Q

Personal Control

A

Our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless.

  • Without this we often feel helpless, hopeless, and depressed
  • Compared with nonleaders, military and business leaders have lower-than-average levels of stress hormones and report
    less anxiety, thanks to their greater sense of control
49
Q

Learned Helplessness:

A

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or person learns when unable to avoid repeated
aversive events.

50
Q

External Locus of Control:

A

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate.

51
Q

Internal locus of control:

A

the perception that we control our own fate.

  • “internals” have achieved more in school and work, acted more independently, enjoyed better health, and felt less
    depressed than did the “externals”
  • those who had expressed a more internal locus of control at age 10 exhibited less obesity, lower blood pressure, and
    less distress at age 30
52
Q

Self-control:

A

the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards.

  • Self-control predicts good health, higher income, and better school performance
  • Strengthening self-control is an important key to coping effectively with stress. Doing so requires attention and
    energy—similar to strengthening a muscle
53
Q

Describe three ways that social support promotes good health.

A
  1. Social support calms us and reduces blood pressure and stress hormones.
  2. Social support fosters stronger immune functioning.
  3. Close relationships give us an opportunity for “open heart therapy” - a chance to confide painful feelings.
54
Q

Aerobic Exercise

A

Sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; also helps alleviate depression and anxiety
-moderate exercise adds to your quantity and quality of life, with more energy, better mood, and stronger
relationships
-Vigorous exercise provides a substantial and immediate mood boost.

55
Q

Relaxation and Meditation

A

Relaxation procedures can also help alleviate headaches, hypertension, anxiety, and insomnia
-Mindfulness meditation: a reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a
non-judgmental and accepting manner.
-Practicing mindfulness may lessen anxiety and depression.

56
Q

Faith Communities and Health

A

Religiously active people tend to live longer than those who are not religiously active.
- Religion promotes self-control (healthy behaviors)
-Faith is often a communal experience (social support)
-Researchers speculate that religiously active people may benefit from a stable, coherent worldview, a sense
of hope for the long-term future, feelings of ultimate acceptance, and the relaxing meditation of prayer or
other religious observance (Positive Emotions).

Psych 1100 (2 decks)

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