Emotions and Motivation - Ch. 8 Flashcards
multidimensional scaling
asking people to rate the similarity of dozens of emotional experiences creates a map of those experiences
valence dimension
how positive or negative an experience is
arousal dimension
how active or passive an experience is
emotion
a positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity
James-Lange theory of emotion
stimuli trigger activity in the autonomic nervous system, which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain.
Cannon-Bard theory
a stimulus simultaneously triggers activity in the autonomic nervous system and emotional experience in the brain
Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory of emotion
emotions are inferences about the causes of physiological arousal.
Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory of emotion
According to Schachter and Singer, people have the same physiological reaction to all emotional stimuli, but they interpret that reaction differently on different occasions. ex) fear and excitement
appraisal
an evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus–amygdala involved! (decides if we should fear, ext. something)
the route that information about a stimulus takes through the brain
it is transmitted simultaneously along two distinct routes: the “fast pathway,” which goes from the thalamus directly to the amygdala, and the “slow pathway,” which goes from the thalamus to the cortex and then to the amygdala
Emotion regulation
the cognitive and behavioral strategies people use to influence their own emotional experience.
reappraisal
changing one’s emotional experience by changing the meaning of the emotion-eliciting stimulus
Emotional Expression
Any observable sign of an emotional state
universality hypothesis
The hypothesis that emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone
Why does everyone recognize smiles as happy and frowns as sad?
The answer is that words are symbols, but facial expressions are signs
facial feedback hypothesis
he hypothesis that emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify
Display rules
Norms for the control of emotional expression.
Intensification
exaggerating the expression of one’s emotion, as when a person pretends to be more surprised by a gift than she really is.
Deintensification
involves muting the expression of one’s emotion, as when the loser of a contest tries to look less distressed than he really is.
Masking
xpressing one emotion while feeling another, as when a poker player tries to look distressed rather than delighted as she examines a hand with four aces.
Neutralizing
feeling an emotion but displaying no expression, as when a judge tries not to betray his leanings while lawyers are making their arguments
Morphology
Certain facial muscles tend to resist conscious control, and for a trained observer, these so-called reliable muscles are quite revealing. For example, the zygomatic major raises the corners of the mouth, and this happens when people smile spontaneously or when they force themselves to smile. But only a genuine, spontaneous smile engages the obicularis oculi, which crinkles the corners of the eyes
Symmetry
Sincere expressions are a bit more symmetrical than insincere expressions. A slightly lopsided smile is less likely to be genuine than is a perfectly even one.
Duration
Sincere expressions tend to last between a half second and 5 seconds, and expressions that last for shorter or longer periods are more likely to be insincere.
