Emotions and Motivation - Ch. 8

Question 1

multidimensional scaling

Answer 1

asking people to rate the similarity of dozens of emotional experiences creates a map of those experiences

Question 2

valence dimension

Answer 2

how positive or negative an experience is

Question 3

arousal dimension

Answer 3

how active or passive an experience is

Question 4

emotion

Answer 4

a positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity

Question 5

James-Lange theory of emotion

Answer 5

stimuli trigger activity in the autonomic nervous system, which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain.

Question 6

Cannon-Bard theory

Answer 6

a stimulus simultaneously triggers activity in the autonomic nervous system and emotional experience in the brain

Question 7

Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory of emotion

Answer 7

emotions are inferences about the causes of physiological arousal.

Question 8

Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory of emotion

Answer 8

According to Schachter and Singer, people have the same physiological reaction to all emotional stimuli, but they interpret that reaction differently on different occasions. ex) fear and excitement

Question 9

appraisal

Answer 9

an evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus–amygdala involved! (decides if we should fear, ext. something)

Question 10

the route that information about a stimulus takes through the brain

Answer 10

it is transmitted simultaneously along two distinct routes: the “fast pathway,” which goes from the thalamus directly to the amygdala, and the “slow pathway,” which goes from the thalamus to the cortex and then to the amygdala

Question 11

Emotion regulation

Answer 11

the cognitive and behavioral strategies people use to influence their own emotional experience.

Question 12

reappraisal

Answer 12

changing one’s emotional experience by changing the meaning of the emotion-eliciting stimulus

Question 13

Emotional Expression

Answer 13

Any observable sign of an emotional state

Question 14

universality hypothesis

Answer 14

The hypothesis that emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone

Question 15

Why does everyone recognize smiles as happy and frowns as sad?

Answer 15

The answer is that words are symbols, but facial expressions are signs

Question 16

facial feedback hypothesis

Answer 16

he hypothesis that emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify

Question 17

Display rules

Answer 17

Norms for the control of emotional expression.

Question 18

Intensification

Answer 18

exaggerating the expression of one’s emotion, as when a person pretends to be more surprised by a gift than she really is.

Question 19

Deintensification

Answer 19

involves muting the expression of one’s emotion, as when the loser of a contest tries to look less distressed than he really is.

Question 20

Masking

Answer 20

xpressing one emotion while feeling another, as when a poker player tries to look distressed rather than delighted as she examines a hand with four aces.

Question 21

Neutralizing

Answer 21

feeling an emotion but displaying no expression, as when a judge tries not to betray his leanings while lawyers are making their arguments

Question 22

Morphology

Answer 22

Certain facial muscles tend to resist conscious control, and for a trained observer, these so-called reliable muscles are quite revealing. For example, the zygomatic major raises the corners of the mouth, and this happens when people smile spontaneously or when they force themselves to smile. But only a genuine, spontaneous smile engages the obicularis oculi, which crinkles the corners of the eyes

Question 23

Symmetry

Answer 23

Sincere expressions are a bit more symmetrical than insincere expressions. A slightly lopsided smile is less likely to be genuine than is a perfectly even one.

Question 24

Duration

Answer 24

Sincere expressions tend to last between a half second and 5 seconds, and expressions that last for shorter or longer periods are more likely to be insincere.

Question 25

Temporal patterning

Answer 25

Sincere expressions appear and disappear smoothly over a few seconds, whereas insincere expressions tend to have more abrupt onsets and offsets.

Question 26

polygraph

Answer 26

The most widely used lie detection machine

Question 27

Motivation

Answer 27

the purpose for or psychological cause of an action.

Question 28

Capgras syndrome

Answer 28

People who suffer from this syndrome typically believe that one or more of their family members are imposters.

Question 29

hedonic principle

Answer 29

the notion that all people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain

Question 30

instinct

Answer 30

the natural tendency to seek a particular goal

Question 31

instinct

Answer 31

the faculty of acting in such a way as to produce certain ends, without foresight of the ends, and without previous education in the performance

Question 32

homeostasis

Answer 32

The tendency for a system to take action to keep itself in a particular state.

Question 33

drive

Answer 33

An internal state caused by physiological needs

Question 34

hierarchy of needs (bottom of pyramid to top)

Answer 34

physiological needs, safety and security needs, belongingness and loving needs, esteem needs, self-actualization

Question 35

orexigenic signal

Answer 35

tells your brain to switche hunger on

Question 36

anorexigenic signal

Answer 36

tells your brain your body has sufficient energy

Question 37

ghrelin

Answer 37

a hormone that is produced in the stomach, and it appears to be a signal that tells the brain to switch hunger on

Question 38

hypothalamus

Answer 38

primary receiver of hunger signals

Question 39

bulimia nervosa

Answer 39

An eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging.

Question 40

anorexia nervosa

Answer 40

An eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of being fat and severe restriction of food intake.

Question 41

3 reasons why people over eat

Answer 41

1. overeating can result from biochemical abnormalities. 2.we often eat even when we aren’t really hungry. 3.nature designed us to overeat

Question 42

metabolism

Answer 42

the rate at which energy is used by the body

Question 43

human sexual response cycle

Answer 43

The stages of physiological arousal during sexual activity.

Question 44

mortality-salience hypothesis

Answer 44

The prediction that people who are reminded of their own mortality will work to reinforce their cultural worldviews

Question 45

terror management theory

Answer 45

one of the ways that people cope with their existential terror is by developing a cultural worldview

Question 46

cultural worldview

Answer 46

a shared set of beliefs about what is good and right and true

Question 47

intrinsic motivation

Answer 47

A motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding

Question 48

extrinsic motivation

Answer 48

A motivation to take actions that are not themselves rewarding but that lead to reward

Question 49

conscious motivation

Answer 49

A motivation of which one is aware.

Question 50

unconscious motivation

Answer 50

A motivation of which one is not aware

Question 51

Need for achievement

Answer 51

The motivation to solve worthwhile problems.

Question 52

approach motivation

Answer 52

A motivation to experience positive outcomes.

Question 53

avoidance motivation

Answer 53

A motivation not to experience negative outcomes.