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PSY2014 > Emotions > Flashcards

Emotions Flashcards

1
Q

slides 1-13

A
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2
Q

How do we conceptualise emotions?

A

We can illustrate them in models (ex. The Circumplex Model)

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3
Q

What are the brain structures involved in the processing of emotions called?

A

Circuit models

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4
Q

Explain the relation between the limbic system and emotional processing

A
  • Originally, people thought that the limbic system was mostly involved in emotional processing but this basis is now outdates
  • Many areas that are linked to the limbic system perform functions different from emotional processing
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5
Q

How are emotions triggered, and how are they perceived?

A
  • It is still debated whether the feeling state of emotions is triggered by an awareness of automatic bodily changes (James-Lange Theory) OR we first perceive emotions which then triggers the bodily changes
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6
Q

Explain the James-Lange Theory

A
  • It argues that perception triggers bodily emotional responses, which then trigger the emotional perception
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7
Q

How does The Cicumplex Model classify emotions?

A
  • By how they activate/deactivate a person (arousal levels)
  • By whether they are pleasant or unpleasant
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8
Q

How does the circuit-based model classify emotions?

A

It uses brain circuits involved in processing specific emotions to classify the emotions

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9
Q

Explain fear conditioning

A
  • Pairing a neutral stimulus with an aversive stimulus result in fear conditioning
  • The neutral stimulus presented on its own results in fear responses
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10
Q

Explain the concept of unlearning in fear conditioning

A
  • If the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the aversive stimulus after stimulus, the fear response will diminish
  • a.k.a. Extinction = Unlearning
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11
Q

How does skin conductance measure changes in emotional states?

A
  • Emotionally arousing (positive or negative) stimuli cause us to sweat more
  • This changes the electrical conductivity of the skin, which can thus be measured
  • Ex. use in lie-detector tests
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12
Q

Explain the Damasio’s card game (somatic marker hypothesis)

A
  • Your bodily reactions trigger consciousness but also as markers to detect danger
  • Visceral responses first, then forms conscious perception of fear to guide behaviour
  • Supports James-Lange Theory
  • explain the card game’s concept
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13
Q

How do amygdala pathways play a role in emotional processing?

A
  • Many cortical areas send inputs to the amygdala
  • continue from slide 27
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14
Q

Explain how emotional processing entails estimation of value?

A
  • Neural regions central to emotional processing include the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and the amygdala
  • Within the OFC, there are the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the lateral orbitofrontal cortex
  • The OFC is a key area in enabling somatic markers to influence value-based decision making and learning
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15
Q

Explain the high and low roads to the amygdala for emotional processing

A
  • The amygdala receives visual information along two pathways
  • The visual information activates affective memories through the cortical “high road” and subcortical “low road” projections to the amygdala
  • Produces autonomic changes (ex. increase in heart rate and blood pressure) AND influences the subsequent actions through the projections to the frontal cortex
  • The individual will use this emotion-laden information in choosing their next action
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16
Q

Explain the differences between the high road and the low road of the amygdala

A
  • The cortical (slow/high) road entails high level processing of
    information, where most likely conscious awareness of e.g.
    danger triggers fear and the associated responses.
  • The subcortical low road allows for fast processing of potential danger/benefit, and physical reactions can be triggered before an awareness of and emotion.
17
Q

How is fear conditioning induced in humans?

A

By pairing the presentation of a neutral stimulus to an aversive response (e.g. presence of a blue square is followed by a mild electric shock to the hand)
- Presenting the conditioned stimulus alone will result in autonomic fear responses after the conditioning process (e.g. changes in skin conductance)

18
Q

Explain the process of implicit and explicit fear learning

A
  • slide 37
19
Q

How does fear conditioning show in humans?

A

slide 39-40

20
Q

What are the 2 types of learning systems that operate separately?

A
  1. Hippocampus
    - Mediates learning by awareness (declarative memory system)
  2. Amygdala
    - Mediates conditioned autonomic responses
    - Amygdala activation aids the retention of hippocampus dependent memories (emotional events are much better remembered)
21
Q

Explain how S.M. shows deficits in interpreting emotions

A

slides 42-46

22
Q

How does the size of eye whites affect amygdala responses to fearful expressions?

A
  • Volume of eye whites is greater in fearful expression than in happy/neutral expressions
  • Activity in the left ventral amygdala in response to eye whites and eye blacks relative to fixation demonstrate that fearful eye whites alone induce increased response above baseline
23
Q

Define “implicit attitude”

A

slide 47

24
Q

Differentiate between implicit learning and explicit learning

A

slide 48

25
Q

Differentiate between implicit attitudes and explicit attitudes

A

slide 48

26
Q

slide 50

A
27
Q

How can implicit attitudes be unmasked?

A

Implicit Attitude Test (IAT)

28
Q

How do implicit attitudes correlate with amygdala activation?

A
  • Implicit attitudes correlate with amygdala activation, even in the absence of explicit attitudes (e.g. racial bias/stereotyping)
  • The amygdala is involved in implicit learning of emotional information and implicit coding of information
29
Q

How can you measure the neural basis of other emotions?

A

slide 52-53

30
Q

Which brain area(s) are associated with fear, and what is the functional role?

A

Amygdala
- Functional roles: Learning, Avoidance
- Point out the brain area

31
Q

Which brain area(s) are associated with anger, and what is the functional role?

A

Orbitofrontal Cortex, Anterior Cingulate Cortex
- Functional roles: Indicate social violations
- Point out the brain area

32
Q

Which brain area(s) are associated with sadness, and what is the functional role?

A

Amygdala, Right Temporal Pole
- Functional roles: Withdraw
- Point out the brain area

33
Q

Which brain area(s) are associated with disgust, and what is the functional role?

A

Anterior Insula, Anterior Cingulate Cortex
- Functional roles; Cortex
- Point out the brain area

PSY2014 (10 decks)

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