Emotional Regulation

Question 1

Do infants have emotion regulation skills

Answer 1

no

Question 2

What is emotion regulation

Answer 2

Emotion regulation refers to processes that individuals use to modulate their emotional experiences

Question 3

what are the two categorised of emotion regulation

Answer 3

emotion regulation skills can be either categorised as ‘adaptive’ or ‘maladaptive’

Adaptive: Cognitive reappraisal, problem solving, mindfulness, acceptance

Maladaptive: Suppression, avoidance, rumination, distraction

Question 4

what is emotion dysregulation and what can it cause.

Answer 4

Emotion dysregulation is defined as difficulties in the implementation or selection of appropriate emotion regulation techniques. Difficulties can result from implementing emotion regulation strategies that are either poorly matched or not applying skills when required

Question 5

What does the emotion regulation process model Gross, 1998

Answer 5

Situation -> Attention -> Appraisal -> Response

Question 6

Outline the empirical evidence of the emotion regulation process model

Answer 6

Emotion suppression and denial (i.e., response modification processes) were positively associated with internalising symptoms. Avoidance (i.e., situation modification) was positively associated with both internalising and externalising symptoms. Only longitudinal association was between avoidance and internalising symptoms.

Question 7

Outline the emotional dysregulation mode by Gratz and Roemer

Answer 7

Awareness, Clarity, Non-Acceptance, Strategies, Impulses, Goals

Question 8

Outline the empirical evidence for the emotion dysregulation model from Trompeter et al.

Answer 8

Findings: Adolescents with an eating disorder reported significantly more emotion dysregulation across domains (except for awareness) compared to their peers. Few differences reported between disorders.

Conclusion: Emotion dysregulation difficulties are more likely to be experienced by adolescents with eating disorders compared to those without

Question 9

What are the family influences for emotion regulation development

Answer 9

parenting practices: emotion coaching, teaching emotion regulation skills, responsiveness, hostility

emotional family climate: expressed emotion, attachment, family relations

Question 10

Outline the parenting practices from family influences for emotion regulation development

Answer 10

emotion coaching: how parents help the child understand emotions

teaching emotion regulation skills: explicitly showing children how they can regulate their emotions

responsiveness: responsible parents are characterised as nurturing and child-centered.

hostility: parental hostility is characterised by lack of warmth and rejection

Question 11

Outline the emotional family climate from family influences for emotion regulation development

Answer 11

expressed emotion: the degree to which emotions are expressed by other family members

attachment: during infancy, consistent and nurturing responses facilitate both secure attachment and adaptive emotion regulation

family relations: inter-adult conflict provides ann important context for children to learn adaptive and/or maladaptive ways to manage emotions

Question 12

outline the empirical evidence of the family influences of emotional regulation development

Answer 12

findings: Higher maternal sensitivity was associated with higher concurrent and subsequent child emotion regulation. Emotion regulation mediated the relationship between maternal sensitivity and externalizing problems. Maternal sensitivity! emotion regulation! less externalising

conclusions: Maternal sensitivity is key in the development of successful emotion regulation, which has long-term impacts on externalising behaviours.

Question 13

What are the adolescence influences for emotion regulation development

Answer 13

• Adolescents increasingly use maladaptive types of emotion regulation
• Adolescents experience heightened emotion dysregulation
• Adolescents experience heightened emotional sensitivity and reduced impulse control

Question 14

What can explain the adolescent influences for emotion regulation development

Answer 14

• Adolescents rely less on their parents for assistance in emotion regulation – shift from childhood
• Increased parent-child conflict
• Changes in social–affective processing during puberty

Question 15

What is the evidence for adolescents’ influence on emotion regulation

Answer 15

Findings: Reduced use of adaptive strategies and increased use of maladaptive strategies in participants between 12 and 15 years old compared with younger or older participants.

Conclusion: Adolescence is characterized by a maladaptive shift in emotion regulation

Question 16

What is emotion dysregulation associated with

Answer 16

anxiety, depression, eating disorders, aggressive behaviour, conduct problems

Question 17

what is the role of mediators in emotional dysregulation

Answer 17

Mediation analysis helps identify underlying psychological mechanisms linking an event with an outcome.

Question 18

outline the example of child abuse and emotional dysregulation

Answer 18

Findings: Maltreated children had higher levels of emotion dysregulation compared to non-maltreated children. Neglect, physical abuse and sexual abuse were all associated with emotion dysregulation. Emotion dysregulation predicted higher internalizing and externalizing. Meditation effects were significant.
Conclusion: Emotion dysregulation mediated relationship between child abuse and mental health difficulties.

Question 19

outline the example of peer victimisation and emotional dysregulation

Answer 19

Findings: Cyber victimisation was associated with higher emotion dysregulation, which was associated with higher internalising. Meditation effects were significant. No difference in effects between boys and girls.
Conclusion: Emotion dysregulation might mediate the relationship between peer victimization and mental health difficulties.

Question 20

What type of interventions are available for emotion dysregulation

Answer 20

emotion regulation training, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, dialectical-behavioural therapy (DBT), acceptance-based behavioural therapy (ACT)

Question 21

Outline Swain et al’s research on the effectiveness of interventions for emotional dysregulation

Answer 21

Findings: Both treatment groups showed significant improvements in anxiety after treatment.
- Improvements in anxiety were slightly higher in the CBT group vs ACT group.
- Quality of life improved in both groups, but improvements were slightly higher in ACT group vs CBT group.
- Increases in acceptance predicted reductions in anxiety symptoms across treatment groups.

Conclusion: Emotion-focused treatments (e.g., ACT) are effective in treating anxiety among adolescents, with similar results to “gold standard” treatment (i.e., CBT).
- Change in acceptance could be a treatment mechanisms in both ACT and CBT.

Question 22

Outline the relationship between expressed emotion and emotion regulation development

Answer 22

Children who grow up in households with high expressed positive emotion have better emotion regulation. BUT mixed findings for expressed negative emotions. Evidence suggests that mild degree of expressed negative emotion is helpful, but high degree is harmful.

Question 23

How does Inter adult conflict teach emotion regulation to children

Answer 23

Inter-adult conflict provides an important context for children to learn adaptive and/or maladaptive ways to manage emotions.