Emotion, Stress and Health Flashcards
What is the adaptive immune system?
the division of the immune system that mounts targeted attacks on foreign pathogens by binding to antigens in their cell membrane
What is the adrenal cortex?
the outer layer of each adrenal gland, which releases glucocorticoids in response to stressors, as well as small amounts of steroid hormones
What is the adrenal medulla?
the core of each adrenal gland, which releases epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to stressors
What is an adrenalectomy?
surgical removal of the adrenal glands
What is adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?
an anterior pituitary hormone that triggers the release of adrenal hormones from the adrenal cortices
What is an alpha male?
the dominant male of a colony
What is the amygdala?
A structure in the anterior temporal lobe, just anterior to the hippocampus; plays a role in emotion
What are antibodies?
proteins that bind to foreign antigens on the surface of microorganisms and in doing so promote the destruction of the microorganisms
What is antibody-mediated immunity?
the immune reaction in which B cells destroy invading microorganisms via the production of antibodies
What are B-cells?
B lymphocytes; lymphocytes that manufacture antibodies against antigens they encounter
What is bullying?
a chronic social threat that induces subordination stress in members of our species
What is Cannon-Bard theory?
the theory that emotional experience and emotional expression are parallel process that have no direct causal relation
What is cell-mediated immunity?
the immune reaction by which T cells destroy invading microorganisms
What is the central nucleus of the amygdala?
a nucleus of the amygdala that is thought to control defensive behaviour
What is contextual feat conditioning?
the process by which benign contexts (situations) come to elicit fear through their association with fear-inducing stimuli
What is the control-question technique?
a lie-detection interrogation method in which the polygrapher compares the physiological responses to target questions with the responses to control questions
What is corticosterone?
the predominant glucocorticoid in humans
What are cytokines?
a group of peptide hormones that are released by many cells and participate in a variety of physiological and immunological responses, causing inflammation and fever
What does decorticate mean?
lacking a cortex
What are defensive behaviours?
behaviours whose primary function is protection from threat or harm
What is a Duchenne smile?
a genuine smile, one that includes contraction of the facial muscles called the orbicularis oculi
What does epigenetic mean?
the study of all mechanisms of inheritance other than the genetic code and its expression
What is the facial feedback hypothesis?
the hypothesis that our facial expression can influence the emotions we experience
What is fear?
the emotional reaction that is normally elicited by the presence or expectation of threatening stimuli
What is fear conditioning?
establishing fear of a previously neutral conditioned stimulus by pairing it with an aversive unconditional stimulus
What are gastric ulcers?
painful lesions to the lining of the stomach of duodenum
What are glucocorticoids?
steroid hormones that are released from the adrenal cortex in response to stressors
What is the guilty-knowledge technique?
a lie-detection method in which the polygrapher records autonomic nervous system responses to a list of control and crime-related information known only to the guilty person and the examiner; also known as the concealed information test
What is the hippocampus?
a structure in the medial temporal lobes that plays a role in various forms of memory
What is the immune system?
the system that protects the body against infectious microorganisms
What is immunisation?
the process of creating immunity through vaccination
What is the innate immune system?
the first component of the immune system to react. It reacts quickly and generally near points of entry of pathogens
What is Kluver-Bucy syndrome?
the syndrome of behavioural changes (e.g., lack of fear and hypersexuality) that is induced in primates by bilateral damage to the anterior temporal lobes
What is James-Lange theory?
the theory that emotion-inducing sensory stimuli are received and interpreted by the cortex, which triggers changes in the visceral organs via the autonomic nervous system and in the skeletal muscles via the somatic nervous system. Then, the autonomic and somatic responses trigger the experience of emotion in the brain
What is the lateral nucleus of the amygdala?
the nucleus of the amygdala that plays the major role in the acquisition, storage and expression of conditioned fear
What are leukocytes?
white blood cells
What is the limbic system?
a collection of interconnected nuclei and tracts that ring the thalamus
What are lymphocytes?
specialised leukocytes that are produced in bone marrow and the thymus gland and play important roles in the body’s immune reactions
What are pathogens?
disease-causing agents
What are phagocytes?
cells, such as macrophages and microglia, that destroy and ingest pathogens
What is phagocytosis?
the destruction an ingestion of foreign matter by cells of the immune system
What is polygraphy?
a method of interrogation that employs ANS indexes of emotion to infer the truthfulness of a person’s responses
What is the prefrontal cortex?
the areas of the frontal cortex that are anterior to the frontal motor areas
What is psychoneuroimmunology?
the study of the interaction among psychological factors, the nervous system and the immune system
What are psychosomatic disorders?
any physical disorder that can be caused or exacerbated by stress
What are reappraisal paradigms?
an experimental method for studying emotion; subjects are asked to reinterpret a film or photo to change their emotional reaction to it while their brain activity is recorded
What is sham rage?
the exaggerated, poorly directed aggressive responses of decorticate animals
What is stress?
the physiological changes that occur when the body is exposed to harm or threat
What are stressors?
experiences that induce a stress response
What is subordination stress?
stress experienced by animals, typically males, that are continually attacked by higher-ranking conspecifics
What is suppression paradigms?
an experimental method for studying emotion; subjects are asked to inhibit their emotional reactions to unpleasant films or photos while their brain activity is recorded
What are T-cells?
T lymphocytes; lymphocytes that bind to foreign microorganisms and cells that contain them and, in doing so, destroy them
What is a target-site concept?
the idea that aggressive and defensive behaviours of an animal are often designed to attack specific sites on the body of another animal while protecting specific sites on its own
What are toll-like receptors?
receptors found in the cell membranes of many cells of the innate immune system; they trigger phagocytosis and inflammatory responses
What is vaccination?
administering a weakened form of a virus so that if the virus later invades, the adaptive immune system is prepared to deal with
What is Urbach-Wiethe disease
a genetic disorder that often results in the calcification of the amygdala and surrounding brain structures
What is the principle of antithesis?
The idea that opposite messages are often signalled by opposite movements and postures
What are the three interrelated factors of emotion that influence each other?
The perception of the emotion-inducing stimulus
The autonomic and somatic response to the stimulus
Experience of the emotion
How are aggressive responses of decorticate animals abnormal and what is this response called?
The response is often inappropriately severe, and they are not directed at particular targets. This type of response is called sham rage
What part of the brain is required in cats for sham rage to be elicited?
Hypothalamus
Removal of the anterior temporal lobes of monkeys results in what?
Kluver-Bucy syndrome
The removal of what structure results in most of the symptoms of Kluver-Bucy syndrome?
Amygdala
What were the six early landmarks of the biopsychosocial investigation of emotion?
Case of Phineas Gage Darwin's theory of the evolution of emotion James-Lange and Connon-Bard theories Discovery of sham rage Discovery of Kluver-Bucy syndrome Limbic system theory of emotion
What does the James-Lange theory propose about the autonomic nervous system?
Different emotional stimuli induce different patterns of ANS activity and that these different patterns produce different emotional experiences
What does the Cannon-Bard theory propose about the autonomic nervous system?
All emotional stimuli produce the same general pattern of sympathetic activation, which prepares the organism for action (fight-or-flight symptoms)
What are the six emotions of the primary facial expressions?
Surprise Anger Sadness Disgust Fear Happiness
Who propose the six primary facial expressions?
Ekman and Friesen
What are some criticisms of Ekman’s theory of facial expressions?
The primary expressions rarely occur in their pure form (usually a combination)
The existence of other primary emotions has been recognised
Body cues, as well as facial expressions, are important in expression of emotion
Different cultures have slightly different versions of the six primary expressions
Aggressive and defensive behaviour is categorised according to what?
Their topography (form) The situations that elicit them Their apparent function
What is a common characteristic of rats with lateral septal lesions?
They become hyperdefensive when threatened
What are the different types of aggressive behaviour seen in rats?
Predatory aggression
Social aggression
What is predatory aggression?
The stalking and killing of members of other species for the purpose of eating them
What is social agression?
Unprovoked aggressive behaviour that is directed at a conspecific (member of the same species) for the purpose of establishing, altering, or maintaining a social hierarchy
What are the different types of defensive behaviours seen in rats?
Intraspecific defense Defensive attacks Freezing and flight Maternal defensive behaviours Risk assessment Defensive burying
What is intraspecific defense?
Defense against social aggression
What are defensive attacks?
Attacks that are launched by animals when they are cornered by threatening members of their own or other species
What is freezing and flight?
Responses that many animals use to avoid attack
What are maternal defensive behaviours?
The behaviours by which mothers protect their young
What are risk assessment behaviours?
Behaviours that are performed by animals in order to obtain specific information that helps them defend themselves more effectively
Which hormone is responsible for social aggression in males?
Testosterone
True or False:
Blood testosterone levels are an inaccurate measure of social aggression
True
It’s the testosterone levels in certain areas of the brain that matter
True or False:
Defensive attack is regulated by testosterone levels
False
Only social aggression is
Lesions to which part of the brain blocks fear conditioning to a tone?
Bilateral lesions to the medial geniculate nucleus or the amygdala
What type of response does the pathway from the amygdala to the periaqueductal gray elicit?
Appropriate defensive responses
What type of response does the pathway from the amygdala to the lateral hypothalamus elicit?
Appropriate sympathetic responses
Which brain structure plays a major role in contextual fear conditioning?
Hippocampus
Which structure is responsible for the acquisition, storage and expression of conditioned fear?
Lateral nucleus of the amygdala
Which part of the brain suppresses conditioned fear?
Prefrontal cortex
Which structure is responsible for the control of defensive behaviour?
Central nucleus of the amygdala
The theory that the subjective experience of emotion is triggered by ANS responses is called the _______ theory
James-Lange
The pattern of aggressive responses observed in decorticate animals is called _________
Sham rage
Between the amygdala and the fornix in the limbic system is the ________
Hippocampus
A Duchenne smile, but not a false smile involves appropriate contraction of the ________
Orbicularis oculi
Agression directed by the alpha male of a colony at a male intruder is called _______ aggression
Social
The usual target site of a rat defensive attacks is the ______ of the attacking rat
Face
Testosterone increases _______ aggression in rats
Social
In humans, more violent outbursts that are labeled as aggression are more appropriately viewed as _______ attacks
Defensive
The establishing of a fear response to a previously neutral stimulus, such as a tone, is accomplished by fear _______
Conditioning
In the typical auditory fear-conditioning experiment, the ________ is a tone
Conditioned stimulus
Auditory fear conditioning to simple tones depends on a pathway from the _______ to the amygdala
Medial geniculate nucleus
Unlike auditory fear conditioning to simple tones, fear conditioning to complex sounds involves the ________
Auditory cortex
The prefrontal cortex is thought to act on the _______ of the amygdala to inhibit conditioned fear
Lateral nucleus
True or False:
Each emotion has a specific part of the brain responsible for it
False
Brain activity associated with each emotion is diffuse
True or False:
There is virtually always activity in motor and sensory cortices when a person experiences an emotion
True
This also occurs when someone empathises with a person experiencing an emotion
True or False:
Similar patterns of brain activity tend to be recorded when a person experiences an emotion, imagines that emotion or sees someone else experience that emotion
True
What affect does Urbach-Wiethe disease have on emotion?
Prevents the feeling and recognition of fear
Which part of the brain is active during both the suppression paradigm and the reappraisal paradigms?
The medial prefrontal lobes
What does the right-hemisphere theory of emotion propose?
It proposes that the right hemisphere is specialised for all aspects of emotional processing: perception, expression and experience of emotion
What does the valence model of emotion propose?
The right hemisphere is specialised for processing negative emotion and the left hemisphere is specialised for processing positive emotion
True or False:
The same emotional stimuli often activate different areas in different people
True
Glucocorticoids are released from the _______ as part of the stress response
Adrenal cortex
Stressors increase the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the __________
Adrenal medulla
Stressors trigger the release of _______, which participate in the body’s inflammatory response
Cytokines
When threats from conspecifics become an enduring feature of daily life, the result is ________
Subordination stress
Gastric ulcers have been associated with H. pylori infection, but it seems likely that ______ is another causal factor in their development
Stress
The field of science that focuses on the interaction among psychological factors, the nervous system and the immune system is called __________
Psychoneuroimmunology
There are two components of the immune system: the _______ immune system and the adaptive immune system
Innate
Disease causing agents are known as ______
Pathogens
T cells and B cells are involved in cell mediated and _______ immune reactions, respectively
Antibody-mediated
Adult rats groomed intensely as pups by their mothers display smaller increases in circulating ________ in response to stressors
Glucocorticoids
Cortocosterone is a __________
Glucocorticoid
Stress has been shown to reduce adult neurogenesis in the ______ of laboratory animals
Hippocampuses
According to the James-Lange theory, the:
Select one:
a. experience of emotion is produced by the brain’s perception of the body’s reactions to emotional stimuli.
b. cortex is not involved in emotion.
c. autonomic nervous system is not involved in emotion.
d. experience of emotion triggers the autonomic response to emotional stimuli.
e. experience of emotion is not physiological.
a. experience of emotion is produced by the brain’s perception of the body’s reactions to emotional stimuli
Bard’s research on sham rage led him to conclude that the:
Select one:
a. Cannon-Bard theory is basically correct.
b. James-Lange theory is basically correct.
c. hypothalamus plays a critical role in the expression of aggression.
d. entire limbic system plays a critical role in the expression of emotion.
e. neocortex plays a critical role in the expression of emotion.
c. hypothalamus plays a critical role in the expression of aggression.
Because even innocent people undergoing a lie-detector test are likely to be aroused by questions about their guilt or innocence, the;
Select one:
a. guilty-knowledge technique should be employed when possible.
b. mock-crime procedure is often employed.
c. control-question technique is often employed.
d. polygraph is often employed.
e. group-contingency threat procedure is often employed.
a. guilty-knowledge technique should be employed when possible.
In rats, lateral attack is a component of; Select one: a. social aggression. b. predatory aggression. c. predatory attack. d. target site attack. e. defensive attack.
a. social aggression.
Le Doux and his colleagues found that bilateral lesions to the __________ blocked auditory fear conditioning but that bilateral lesions to the __________ did not.
Select one:
a. septum; lateral geniculate nucleus
b. frontal lobe; cingulate
c. medial geniculate nucleus; auditory cortex
d. hypothalamus; septum
e. hippocampus; medial geniculate nucleus
c. medial geniculate nucleus; auditory cortex
T cells and B cells are; Select one: a. lymphocytes. b. antigens. c. antibodies. d. phagocytes. e. macrophages.
a. lymphocytes.
The belief that putting on a happy face makes one feel happier is an example of the Select one: a. facial feedback hypothesis. b. Duchenne hypothesis. c. Ekman hypothesis. d. prosody principle. e. Pinel principle.
a. facial feedback hypothesis.
Which of the following is not a symptom of the Kluver-Bucy syndrome?
Select one:
a. Aggression
b. sexual activity directed at inappropriate objects
c. lack of fear
d. consumption of almost anything that is edible
e. a tendency to investigate objects with the mouth
a. Aggression
