Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSY2061 > Drug Addiction and Reward Circuits > Flashcards

Drug Addiction and Reward Circuits Flashcards

1
Q

What is an amphetamine?

A

a stimulant drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is an analgesic?

A

drugs that reduce pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is anandamide?

A

the first endogenous endocannabinoid to be discovered and characterised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is anhedonia?

A

a general inability to experience pleasure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a before-and-after design?

A

the experimental design used to demonstrate contingent drug tolerance; one group receives the drug before each of a series of behavioural tests and the other group receives the drug after each test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Buerger’s disease?

A

a condition in which the blood vessels, especially those supplying the legs, are constricted whenever tobacco is smoked. The disease can progress to gangrene and amputation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is cannabis?

A

the common hemp plant, which is the source of marijuana

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is cirrhosis?

A

scarring of the liver, which is a major cause of death among heavy alcohol users

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is cocaine?

A

a stimulant that exerts its effects by altering the activity of dopamine transporters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is cocaine psychosis?

A

psychotic symptoms that are sometimes observed during cocaine sprees; similar in certain respects to schizophrenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are cocaine sprees?

A

binges of cocaine use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is codeine?

A

a relatively weak psychoactive ingredient of opium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are conditioned compensatory responses?

A

hypothetical conditional physiological responses that are opposite to the effects pf a drug that are thought to be elicited by stimuli that are regularly associated with experiencing the drug effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a conditioned drug tolerance?

A

tolerance effects that are maximally expressed only when a drug is administered in the same situation in which it has previously been administered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a conditioned place-preference paradigm?

A

a test that assesses a laboratory animal’s preference for an environment in which it has previously experienced drug effects relative to a control environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a contingent drug tolerance?

A

drug tolerance that develops as a reaction to the experience of the effects of drugs rather than to drug exposure alone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is crack?

A

a potent, cheap, smokable form of cocaine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is cross tolerance?

A

tolerance to the effects of one drugs that develops as the result of exposure to another drug that acts by the same mechanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is delirium tremens (DTs)?

A

the phase of alcohol withdrawal syndrome characterised by hallucinations, delusions, disorientation, agitation, confusion, hyperthermia and tachycardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a depressant?

A

a drug that depressed neural activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are dopamine transporters?

A

molecules in the presynaptic membrane of dopaminergic neurons that attract dopamine molecules in the synaptic cleft and deposit them back inside the neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a drug addicted individual?

A

those habitual drug users who continue to use a drug despite its adverse effects on their health and social life and despite their repeated effort to stop using it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a drug craving?

A

an affective state in which there is a strong desire for a particular drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is drug metabolism?

A

the conversion of a drug from its active form to a nonactive form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is drug priming?

A

a single exposure to a formerly used drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the drug self-administration paradigm?

A

a test of the addictive potential of drugs in which laboratory animals can inject drugs into themselves by pressing a lever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is drug sensitisation?

A

an increase in the sensitivity to a drug effect that develops as the result of exposure to the drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is drug tolerance?

A

a state of decreased sensitivity to a drug that develops as a result of exposure to the drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are empathogens?

A

psychoactive drugs that produce feelings of empathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is exteroceptive stimuli?

A

stimuli that arise from outside the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)?

A

a syndrome produced by prenatal exposure to alcohol and characterised by brain damage, intellectual disability, poor coordination, poor muscle tone, low birth weight, retarded growth, and/or physical deformity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is functional tolerance?

A

drug tolerance that results from changes that reduced the reactivity of the sites of action to the drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What was the Harrison Narcotics Act?

A

the act passed in 1914 that made it illegal to sell or use opium, morphine or cocaine in the United States

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is hashish?

A

dark cornlike material extracted from the resin on the leaves and flowers of cannabis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is hedonic value?

A

the amount of pleasure that is actually experienced as the result of some action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is heroin?

A

a semisynthetic opioid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the incentive-sensitisation theory?

A

theory that addictions develop when drug use sensitises the neural circuits mediating wanting of the drug - not necessarily liking of the drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is incubation of drug craving?

A

the time-dependent increase in cueinduced drug craving and relapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is interoceptive stimuli?

A

stimuli that arise from inside the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS)?

A

the repeated performance of a response that delivers electrical stimulation to certain sites in the animal’s brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is Korsakoff’s syndrome?

A

a neuropsychological disorder that is common in alcoholics and whose primary symptoms include memory loss, sensory and motor dysfunction, and, in its advanced stages, severe dementia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the mesocorticolimbic pathway?

A

the component of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system that has cell bodies in the ventral tegmental area that project to various cortical and limbic sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the mesotelencephalic dopamine system?

A

the ascending projections of dopamine-releasing neurons from the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area of the mesencephalon into various regions of the telencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is metabolic tolerance?

A

tolerance that results from a reduction in the amount of drug getting to its sites of action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is morphine?

A

the major psychoactive ingredient in opium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is a narcotic?

A

a legal term generally used to refer to opioids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is nicotine?

A

the major psychoactive ingredient of tobacco

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is the nucleus accumbens?

A

nucleus of the ventral striatum and a major terminal of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are opioids?

A

morphine, codeine, heroin, and other chemicals with similar structures or effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is opium?

A

the sap that exudes from the seed pods of the opium poppy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What does pharmacological mean?

A

pertaining to the scientific study of drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is the physical-dependence theories of addiction?

A

theories holding that the main factor that motivated drug-addicted individuals to keep taking drugs is the prevention or termination of withdrawal symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is physically dependent?

A

being in a state in which the discontinuation of drug taking will induce withdrawal symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What are positive-incentive theories of addiciton?

A

theories holding that the primary factor in most cases of addiction is the craving for the positive-incentive (expected pleasure-producing) properties of the drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is positive-incentive value?

A

the idea that behaviours (e.g., eating and drinking) are motivated by their anticipated pleasurable effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What are psychoactive drugs?

A

drugs that influence subjective experience and behaviour by acting on the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What does relapse mean?

A

the return to one’s drug taking habit after a period of voluntary abstinence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is smoker’s syndrome?

A

the chest pain, laboured breathing, wheezing, coughing, and heightened susceptibility to infections of the respiratory tract commonly observed in tobacco smokers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What are stimulants?

A

drugs that produce general increases in neural and behavioural activity

60
Q

What is the substantia nigra?

A

the midbrain nucleus whose neurons project via the nigrostriatal pathway to the striatum of the basal ganglia; it is part of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system

61
Q

What is a teratogen?

A

a drug or other chemical that causes birth defects

62
Q

What is THC?

A

delta-9-tetrahydrocannabionol, the main psychoactive constituent of marijuana

63
Q

What is the ventral tegmental area?

A

the midbrain nucleus of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system that is the major source of the mesocorticolimbic pathway

64
Q

What is withdrawal syndrome?

A

the illness brought on by the elimination from the body of a drug on which the person is physically dependent

65
Q

What are the advantages of oral route of administration of drugs?

A

Its ease and relative safety

66
Q

What are the disadvantages of oral route of administration of drugs?

A

It is unpredictable (influenced by many factors)

67
Q

What are the disadvantages of inhalation route of administration of drugs?

A

It is difficult to precisely regulate the dose and many substances can damage the lungs with chronic use

68
Q

What is the type of drug tolerance that results from changes that reduce the amount of the drug gettin to its sites of action called?

A

Metabolic tolerance

69
Q

What is the type of drug tolerance that results from changes that reduce the reactivity of the sites of action to the drug called?

A

Functional tolerance

70
Q

What type of tolerance usually occurs in response to chronic use of psychoactive drugs?

A

Functional tolerance

71
Q

What adaptive neural changes are caused by functional tolerance?

A

Reduction in the number of receptors
Decrease receptor-substrate affinity
Decrease the reaction of the cell when the drug binds to a receptor

72
Q

What type of study is used to assess contigent drug tolerance?

A

Before-and-after design

73
Q

True or False:

Drug users are more likely to overdose when they administer the drug in a new context

A

True

See conditioned drug tolerance

74
Q

True or False:

Exteroceptive stimuli is more effective that interoceptive stimuli at eliciting conditioned drug tolerance

A

False

They are equally effective

75
Q

What is the major psyhoactive ingredient in tobacco?

A

Nicotine

76
Q

What receptors does nicotine act on?

A

Nicotinic cholinergic receptors

77
Q

What type of drug is alcohol?

A

A depressant

78
Q

What are the phases of alcohol withdrawal syndrome?

A

6-8 hours after: Anxiety, tremor, nausea and tachycardia
10-30 hours: Hyperactivity, insomnia and hallucinations
12-48 hours: Convulsive activity
3-5 days: Delirium tremors (DTs)

79
Q

What are the symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome?

A

Brain damage, intellectual disability, poor coordination, poor muscle tone, low birth weight, retarded growth and/or physical deformity

80
Q

What is the only side-effect of marijuana use?

A

Tachycardia - a single, large dose can trigger heart attacks in susceptible individuals

81
Q

What receptors does THC act on and where are they found?

A

CB1 and CB2 receptors
CB1 is the most prevalent GPLR in the brain
CB2 is found on the CNS and immune cells

82
Q

Why are THC receptors found in the brain?

A

There is a class of endogenous cannabinoid neurotransmitters called endocannabinoids

83
Q

What was the first endocannabinoid to be isolated?

A

Anandamide

84
Q

What are the effects of a cocaine spree?

A

Sleeplessness, tremors, nausea, hyperthermia, and in rare cases, psychotic symptoms

85
Q

What illicit drug is considered an empathogen?

A

MDMA

86
Q

How do cocaine and its derivatives effect neurons?

A

It alters the activity of dopamine transporters by blocking the reuptake of dopamine into the presynaptic neuron, so the dopamine remains in the synapse

87
Q

What is the long term effects of using stimulants?

A

Cognitive impairments, increased risk of Parkinson’s disease, heart abnormalities and decreased gray matter in their prefrontal cortex

88
Q

What are the two classes of endogenous opioids?

A

Endorphins and enkephalins

89
Q

What is the molecular difference between heroin and morphine and what does it allow for?

A

Heroin is morphine with two acetyl groups added, which increases its ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier

90
Q

True or False:

Heroin was not included in the Harrison Narcotics Act

A

True

The company that produced it claimed that it wasn’t addictive

91
Q

When was heroin outlawed in the United States?

A

1924

92
Q

How long after using opioids does the withdrawal syndrome start?

A

6 to 12 hours

93
Q

What are the symptoms of opiod withdrawal syndrome?

A

Increased restlessness
Watering eyes, running nose, yawning and sweating
Fitful sleep that lasts several hours
Chills, shivering, profuse sweating, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, tremor, dilated pupils and spasms

94
Q

When are the symptoms of opioid withdrawal most severe?

A

Second or third day

95
Q

How long does opiod withdrawal last?

A

Around 7 days

96
Q

True or False:

There are no severe long-term side effect of opioid abuse

A

True

Constipation, pupil constriction, menstrual irregularity and decreased sex drive is as bad as it gets

97
Q

Broken down products of the body’s chemical reactions are called

A

Metabolites

98
Q

_______ is a states of decreased sensitivity to a drug that develops as a result of exposure to it

A

Drug tolerance

99
Q

A graph of the magnitude of the effect of different doses of a drug is referred to as a _______

A

Dose-response curve

100
Q

______ are hypothetical conditional physiological responses that are opposite to the effects of a drug

A

Conditioned compensatory responses

101
Q

Psychoactive drugs that produce feelings of affection and compassion are called _______

A

Empathogens

102
Q

______ stimuli arise from outside the body

A

Exteroceptive

103
Q

________ is described as the phase of alcohol withdrawal syndrome characterised by hallucinations, delusions, disorientation, agitation, confusion and hyperthermia

A

Delirium tremors

104
Q

Chronic alcohol consumption causes extensive scarring of the lover, also called _______

A

Cirrhosis

105
Q

The offspring of mothers who consume substantial quantities of alcohol during pregnancy may develop ______

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome

106
Q

_______ are drugs whose primary effect produces a general increase in neural and behavioural activity

A

Stimulants

107
Q

Morphine and codeine are constituents of ______

A

Opium

108
Q

______ is a semisynthetic opioid that penetrates the blood-brain barrier more effectively that morphine

A

Heroin

109
Q

______ heroin users were among the first to legally receive heroin injections from a physician for a small fee

A

Swiss

110
Q

True or False:

The most important factor in addiction is the drugs’ hedonic effects

A

True

Hedonic = pleasurable

111
Q

Which brain system plays an important role in intracranial self-stimulation?

A

Mesotelencephalic dopamine system

112
Q

The cell bodies of mesotelecephalic dopaminergic neurons are found where?

A

Substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area

113
Q

The axons of mesotelecephalic dopaminergic neurons project to where?

A

Prefrontal cortex, limbic cortex, olfactory tubercle, amygdala, septum, dorsal striatum, and in particular, the nucleus accumbens

114
Q

What is the path of neurons that compose the nigrostriatal pathway?

A

Cell body is found in the substantia nigra and axons project to the dorsal striatum

115
Q

The degeneration of the nigrostriatal pathway is associated with which disease?

A

Parkinson’s disease

116
Q

What is the path of neurons that compose the mesocorticolimbin pathway?

A

Cell body is found in the ventral tegmental area and axons project to various cortical and limbic sites

117
Q

True or False:

Many of the brain sites at which self-stimulation occurs are part of the mesocorticolimbic pathway

A

True

118
Q

True or False:

Intracranial self-stimulation is often associated with an icrease in GABA release in the mesocorticolimbic pathway

A

False

Intracranial self-stimulation is often associated with an icrease in dopamine release in the mesocorticolimbic pathway

119
Q

True or False:

Dopamine agonists tend to increase intracranial self-stimulation, and dopamine antagonists tend to decrease it

A

True

120
Q

True or False:

Lesions of the mesocorticolimbic pathway tend to disrupt intracranial self-stimulation

A

True

121
Q

What two methods were used to measure the rewarding effects of drugs?

A

Drug self-administration paradigm

Conditioned place-preference paradigm

122
Q

What occurs in the drug self-administration paradigm?

A

Nonhuman animals press a lever to inject drugs into themselves through implanted cannulas (thin tubes)

123
Q

What occurs during the conditioned place-preference paradigm?

A

Nonhuman animals repeatedly receive a drug in one compartment of a two-compartment box. Then, the drug-free rat is placed in the box, and the proportion of time it spends in the drug compartment, as opposed to the equal-sized but distinctive control compartment

124
Q

What is the main advantage of the conditioned place-preference paradigm?

A

Subjects are tested while they are drug-free, which means that the measure of the incentive value of the drug is not confounded by other effects the drug might have on behaviour

125
Q

True or False:

Laboratory animals would not self-administer microinjections of addictive drugs directly into the nucleus accumbens

A

False

They would

126
Q

True or False:
Microinjections of addictive drugs into the nucleus accumbens did not produce a conditioned place preference for the compartment in which they were administered

A

False

They did

127
Q

True or False:
Lesions to either the nucleus accumbens or the ventral tegmental area blocked the self-administration of addicitve drugs into general circulation or the development of drug-associated conditioned place paradigm

A

True

128
Q

True or False:
Both the self-administration of addictive drugs and the experience of natural reinforcers were found to be associated with elevated levels of extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens

A

True

129
Q

What are the three stages in the development of an addiction?

A

Initial drug taking
Habitual drug taking
Drug craving and repeated relapse

130
Q

What factors have been shown to increase the likelihood of initial drug taking in rats?

A

Food restriction, social stress and environmental stress

131
Q

What factors have been shown to decrease the likelihood of initial drug taking in rats?

A

Environmental enrichment, social interaction and access to nondrug reinforcers

132
Q

The anticipated pleasure associated with an action is known as what?

A

Positive-incentive value

133
Q

The amount of pleasure that is actually experienced due to an action is known as what?

A

Hedonic value

134
Q

How does the striatum of drug-addicted individuals react to drugs and drug-associated cues compared to a non-addicted individual?

A

In addicted individuals, striatal control of drug taking is shifted from the nucleus accumbens (i.e. ventral striatum) to the dorsal striatum

135
Q

What are the three main causes of relapse in addicted individuals?

A

Stress
Drug priming
Exposure to cues

136
Q

What are the two major conclusions about the mechanisms of drug addiction drawn through research on the self-adminissteration of stimulants?

A

All addictive drugs activate the mesocorticolimbic pathway

Dopamine is important for the reinforcing properties of all addictive drugs

137
Q 
Although \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is classified as a depressant, it has stimulant effects at low doses.
Select one:
a. Morphine
b. Alcohol
c. Amphetamine
d. Tobacco
A

b. Alcohol

138
Q

A problem faced by theories of drug conditioning is predicting;
Select one:
a. whether or not there is a conditional stimulus.
b. whether or not there is an unconditional stimulus.
c. who will become addicted.
d. the direction of conditioned effects.

A

d. the direction of conditioned effects.

139
Q 
A state of decreased sensitivity to a drug as a result of previous exposure to the drug is called;
Select one:
a. psychological dependence.
b. drug sensitization.
c. drug tolerance.
d. physical dependence.
A

c. drug tolerance.

140
Q 
Many self-stimulation sites;
Select one:
a. contain serotonergic neurons.
b. are part of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system.
c. contain dopamine antagonists.
d. are adrenergic.
A

b. are part of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system.

141
Q

Psychoactive drugs are those that affect;
Select one:
a. behaviour.
b. the activity of the central nervous system.
c. subjective experience.
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

142
Q

Recent research suggests that during the transition from initial drug taking to habitual drug taking.

Select one:

a. there are impairments in the function of prefrontal cortex.
b. the control of drug taking is shifted from the nucleus accumbens.
c. the control of drug taking is shifted to the dorsal striatum.
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

143
Q

The anticipated pleasure associated with an action is its _____________, whereas the actual pleasure experienced is its_____________.
Select one:
a. anhedonia; positive incentive value
b. hedonic value; positive incentive value
c. positive incentive value; hedonic value
d. anhedonia; hedonic value

A

c. positive incentive value; hedonic value

144
Q 
Which drug is currently an alternative to methadone as a treatment for heroin addiction?
Select one:
a. Laudanum
b. Anandamide
c. Codeine
d. Buprenorphine
A

d. Buprenorphine

145
Q 
Which of the following drugs in high doses produces a syndrome of psychotic behaviour that is similar to paranoid schizophrenia?
Select one:
a. Opium
b. Heroin
c. LSD
d. Cocaine
A

d. Cocaine

PSY2061 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions