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PSY1207 > Emotion > Flashcards

Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of emotion?

A
  • strong feeling deriving from one’s circumstances, mood, or relationships
  • instinctive feeling distinguished from reasoning or knowledge
  • subjective conscious experience
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2
Q

What are the stages of emotional processing?

A
  • stimulus presentation (identification of the emotional significance of a stimulus)
  • appraisal
  • affective state
  • regulation
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3
Q

What did Darwin (1872) find?

A

-there were cross-species similarities in emotional expression, they evolved

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4
Q

What are the basic emotions that exist across cultures?

A
  • anger
  • disgust
  • fear
  • sadness
  • happiness
  • surprise
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5
Q

What are the individual functions of emotions?

A
  • change information taken in

- adapt behaviour to help achieve goals

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6
Q

What are the gender ‘display rules’?

A
  • children are taught to behave according to norms/stereotypes
  • girls are taught to be cooperative, nice, friendly and smile
  • boys are taught to be ‘manly’, strong, express anger but control other emotions
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7
Q

What are the cultural ‘display rules’?

A
  • in America it’s the norm to smile a lot and to be greeted by smiling people
  • in Britain people are more stereotypically known for being stiff and possibly more off-putting behaviour
  • there’s more extreme differences, e.g. in Japan it’s not appropriate to express emotions in the same way as in America
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8
Q

What is the simple dual-system theory for classifying emotions?

A
  • Schneirla (1959)

- categorise emotions in terms of approach and withdrawal

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9
Q

What is the behavioural and inhibition approach classification of emotions?

A
  • Jeffrey Gray (1970s,80s)

- behavioural approach (reward) and inhibition (punishment) systems (distinct brain circuits)

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10
Q

What is the valence-asymmetry hypothesis classification of emotions?

A
  • left-sided prefrontal cortex: approach-related (positive) goals
  • right-sided prefrontal cortex: goals requiring inhibition and withdrawal (negative)
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11
Q

What is the circumplex model classification of emotions?

A
  • scale of 2 dimensions: arousal (intense/dull) and valence (negative/positive)
  • fit somewhere on the 2 axis
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12
Q

How are emotional expressions measured?

A
  • Ekman and Friesen (1978) developed Facial Action Coding System (FACS)
  • expressions can be broken down into constituent parts/action units
  • units can be put together to make genuine or fake expressions
  • facial EMG measures subtle activity in the corrugator (frown) and zygomatic (smile) muscles
  • EMG positively correlated with emotion perception ability and shows gender differences
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13
Q

What are the social functions of emotions?

A
  • wide eyes in fear is a signal of threat, white of eye helps to quickly direct attention to gaze location
  • happy/angry are reinforcers
  • sadness elicits caregiving
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14
Q

What is the James-Lange theory and how does Critchley et al (2005) support it?

A
  • emotions are a set of bodily responses that occur in response to emotive stimuli
  • perceptions of these bodily changes is the emotion, so different patterns are associated with different emotions
  • Critchley found that facial expressions can be differentiated on the basis of evoked heart rate response, and heart rate correctly identified sad and angry faces more than happy/disgust as was predicted
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15
Q

What is the Cannon-Bard theory?

A
  • argued against James because emotions occurred even if brain disconnected from internal organs, bodily changes aren’t emotion specific and are too slow, and stimulation of bodily change doesn’t lead to emotions
  • however emotions depend on brain mechanisms so bodily state can be represented in the brain
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16
Q

What is the two-factor theory of emotion?

Schachter and Singer, 1962

A
  • emotion is a function of cognitive factors and physiological arousal
  • study had subjects have adrenaline injections and told/not told to expect side effects
  • heavily influenced by the stooge and context they were in, perceived changes in body to be arising from emotional states
17
Q

What role does appraisal have in emotion?

Lazarus, 1991

A
  • relational meaning, emotions are rooted in appraisal
  • emotions aren’t caused by events/environment or by intra-psychic factors but by the person-environment relationships that change with time and circumstance
18
Q

What is the Papez neural circuit of emotion?

1937

A
  • emotional stimulus goes to the thalamus, then the sensory cortex (for thinking) or the hypothalamus (for feeling)
  • sensory cortex leads to cingulate cortex resulting in feeling (cognitive and emotional responses integrate to give rise to conscious feeling)
  • hypothalamus leads to bodily response/ circuit of anterior thalamus to the cingulate cortex, or continue round to the hippocampus and then the hypothalamus for a bodily response
19
Q

What’s modern affective neuroscience?

A
  • brain imaging
  • behavioural experiments
  • lesion studies
  • electrophysiological recordings
20
Q

How does the amygdala play an important role in emotion processing?

A
  • lesions in monkeys lead to changes in social behaviour (hyper-orality, social disinhibition, absence of emotional motor and vocal reactions)
  • lesions in humans result in emotional blunting and reduced fear conditioning, impaired perception of fear expressions
  • Joseph LeDoux (1986) said there were 2 amygdala pathways: stimuli leads to sensory thalamus where it can take high road to sensory cortex then the amygdala or the low road straight to the amygdala that results in emotional responses
  • fMRI studies show amygdala is activated in response to facial expressions of emotion (especially fear)
  • S allele is associated with bigger amygdala responses to negative facial expressions, effect of life events on depression is stronger in those with the S allele, in those with it childhood stress predicted adult depression
21
Q

What are the symptoms of Major Depression?

A
  • depressed mood (anxiety, lack of pleasure, helplessness, hopelessness, suicidality, guilt, low self-esteem and motivation)
  • psychotic symptoms (nihilistic delusions)
  • cognitive and biological symptoms (poor sleep,appetite,concentration, reduced libido, low energy and motivation)
22
Q

How does depression and antidepressants relate to the amygdala and perceptions of fear?

A
  • those with anxiety and depression show subtle changes in sensitivity to emotional expressions
  • depressed patients show increased amygdala responses to negative facial expressions
  • antidepressants reduced amygdala response to negative facial expressions
  • antidepressants reduce amygdala response to fear faces in healthy faces, showed decreased recognition of negative emotional expressions
  • changes how the brain reacts to emotional stimuli (suggesting it’s the change in response to stimuli that leads to change in depression, rather than depression causing the change)
23
Q

How is the insula cortex related to the emotion of disgust?

A
  • animals show conditioned taste aversion in rats
  • human stimulation studies show perceptions of unpleasant taste, nausea, salivation and swallowing
  • lesion studies found decreased subjective experience and recognition of disgust
  • when shown pictures of people displaying a disgusted expression there’s activity in the insula
24
Q

What are the mapping of emotions in brain imaging?

A
  • arousal= amygdala
  • valence= orbitofrontal cortex
  • happiness= dorsal anterior cortex
  • sadness= subgenual anterior cingulate
  • fear= amygdala
  • anger= orbitofrontal cortex
  • disgust= anterior insula

PSY1207 (10 decks)

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