Emotion Flashcards

1
Q
James Papez (1937) first proposed a circuit theory of emotion processing in the brain, involving a network of brain regions including the \_\_\_
MacLean (1949) who named this the Papez circuit, extended the network to include the \_\_\_
A

hypothalamus, thalamus,
cingulate, and hippocampus.;
amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex and basal ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The Papez circuit concept has proved to be more descriptive than functional, as ___

A

many limbic regions are involve in more than emotion processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cognitive neuroscience research, while acknowledging the concept of emotion processing, no longer considers only one ___

A

neural circuit of emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Depending on the emotional task or situation, different neural systems will be involved. These systems might involve brain regions that are ___, along with others that ___.
For example, brain regions that support attentional vigilance are also recruited to ___. (They multitask.
)

A

specialised for emotion processing;
serve many functions;
detect threat signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Kluver and Bucy (1939) first documented damage to medial temporal lobes caused ___ in monkeys, featuring a lack of or tendency to ___.

A

‘psychic blindness’;
fear;
approach objects normally eliciting a fear response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

S.M., famous case study of a woman with Urbach-Wiethe disease, a genetic
mutation condition that causes ___.
In S.M. ‘s case, it led to degeneration of the ___.

A

calcification of the medial temporal lobe;

amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The case of S.M, who had bilateral amygdala degeneration:
Displayed inappropriate social behaviours, unable to recognise __, no monetary loss aversion, and experimenters were unable to elicit __

A

emotion in facial expression;

fear from her

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Conditioned fear experiments have been used to understand the function of the amygdala.
- Where a neutral stimulus acquires aversive properties by virtue of being paired with an aversive event, and produces a __.

A

conditioned fear response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Damage to the amygdala impairs __ fear responses.

However, amygdala lesions don’t block the ___.

A

conditioned;

exhibition of fear (e.g., startle response)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Damage to the amygdala appears to block the ability to ___ the conditioned response to the neutral stimulus.

A

acquire and express

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The lateral nucleus of the amygdala acts as a convergence area for information from multiple brain regions, allowing for the ___.

A

formation of associations underlying fear conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The central nucleus of the amygdala initiates an emotional response if a stimulus, after being analysed, is determined to be __

A

threatening or dangerous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Information about an aversive stimulus can reach the amygdala via two routes, the low road and the high road.
The low road is ___

A

a subcortical pathway in which sensory information about a stimulus is
projected to the thalamus, which in turn sends a crude signal to the amygdala
indicating whether the visual stimulus roughly resembles an aversive (or
conditioned) stimulus. Can occur without any conscious processing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Information about an aversive stimulus can reach the amygdala via two routes, the low road and the high road.
The high road is ___

A

A slower pathway, but provides more thorough processing that can confirm the initial low road information.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The amygdala’s role in learning to respond to aversive stimuli is implicit.
Implicit because ___

A

the learning is expressed indirectly, through a behavioural or physiological response, such as an autonomic nervous system arousal (e.g, increased heart rate, blood pressure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In humans, we can assess conditioned responses by asking subjects to report ___

A

if they know a stimulus represents a potential aversive consequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Although patients with amygdala damage fail to show an indirect fear
response (e.g., +BP), they can report ___.
Electric shock experiments with S.M. have shown that while she does not
show a conditioned response to the stimulus paired to shocks (a light), she reported that ___

A

the parameters of fear conditioning and essentially what is supposed to happen;
she knew a shock would follow whenever the light was
presented

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

While the amygdala is critical to implicit fear learning, it also plays a role in emotional responses to stimuli whose emotional properties are learned __

A

explicitly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Amygdala activity can enhance the strength of explicit memories for
emotional events by __.
The modulation is typically indirect, for example, by modulating arousal to
emotional events, which in turn, modulates __.

A

modulating the storage of these events;

memory enhancement

20
Q

Neuroimaging studies have shown that activity in the amygdala during the
presentation of emotional stimuli is correlated with __

A

arousal-enhanced recollection of these stimuli

21
Q

The amygdala doesn’t appear important to consciously labelling a stimulus as good, bad, arousing or neutral, but does appear to be important for __

A

normal responses to social

stimuli, in particular facial expressions

22
Q

Activity in the amygdala is greatest for __ expressions, in comparison to all
other expressions.
The greater response is observed when stimuli are subliminal, but is further
enhanced when __.

A

fearful;

attention is directed to the face

23
Q

A common problem with studies of emotion,

particularly those using neuroimaging is __.

A

Imaging requires repetitive presentation of the same stimulus type in order to
identify a reliable signal average.
Repeated presentations of emotive stimuli produce habituation, with smaller self- report and physical responses to the stimulus over time.

24
Q

Cocaine Stroop: Cocaine users suffer significant
interference from __ in comparison to controls.
Both groups are distracted by __

A

cocaine related pictures;

evocative stimuli

25
Selectively attending to stimuli in the presence of incongruent or salient stimuli requires __
top-down control
26
fMRI studies indicate they as a facial expression looks increasingly angry (by rater agreement), activity in the __ increased. The same effect could not be found for other categories of expression
orbitofrontal cortex
27
Studies have presented angry stimuli (either visual or auditory) singularly, or in combination with other categories of stimuli, and demonstrated __ activity increasing in activity when the angry stimuli are attended to
orbitofrontal cortex
28
fMRI studies suggest the anterior insula activity is correlated with both the detection (in others) and experience of __
disgust
29
The experience of disgust and the detection of disgust in others appear to be highly corelated, at least ___. The insula cortex may therefore be critical in understanding conditions such as ASD, where __ and __ may be lacking.
cortically; insight; empathy
30
Theories argue that the insula, rather than processing emotion, might be involved in all subjective feelings because __
``` it represents current and predictive states allowing for learning of feeling states and uncertainty. Awareness of, or interoception, of afferent representations of the feelings from the body. ```
31
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD): A progressive neurodegenerative brain disorder. Its three subtypes are __
Semantic dementia Progressive nonfluent aphasia Behavioural variant
32
The behavioural variant of FTD presents with __
Striking changes in behaviour and personality - Disinhibition -- Socially inappropriate behaviour, loss of manners, impulsive, rash or careless Increased apathy/inertia Loss of sympathy or empathy Perseverative, stereotyped or ritualistic behaviour Hyperorality and dietary change Executive dysfunction
33
Pathology in bvFTD is ___
- Brain atrophy, most pronounced in mesial and orbitofrontal regions - Can also have temporal and basal ganglia changes - Approximately 50% of cases will have tau protein
34
Familial links in bvFTD are __
Up to 30% of cases have a family history positive, if you include motor neuron disease cases. bvFTD appears to have stronger genetic link than PNFA or semantic dementia. Tau and progranulin are the proteins that are implicated, with markers on Chr 17 and Chr 9. C90RF72 is a major gene marker of FTD.
35
Deficits in emotion recognition in bvFTD: __
Negative emotions are typically impaired, happiness generally intact. Differences in performance are not due to differences in task difficulty. Recognition of surprise is impaired. Not modality specific - also impaired recognition of non-verbal stimuli e.g., laughing, retching, crying, movie scenes, music.
36
Emotion reactivity in bvFTD: Changes in physiological responses (e.g., BP, skin conductance (SCR) to basic stimuli are __, e.g., aversive loud noise. To complex stimuli, it's more __.
impaired; | variable
37
bvFTD have poor facial and dynamic emotion recognition. | Correlation between volume of __ damage and negative face emotion recognition.
amygdala
38
bvFTD have poor emotion evaluation and __.
social inference
39
Emotion evaluation test presents 28 video vignettes with portrayals of positive and negative emotions. Patients had to detect actor intention, attitude and meaning from 30sec vignette. FTD group had significantly poorer recognition of __ emotions, but not __.
negative; | positive
40
Social inference was measured with video vignettes: actors presented sincere, sarcastic or paradoxically sarcastic statements. FTD group had significant difficulty detecting __.
sarcasm
41
FTD patients with poor sarcasm detection had greatest grey matter volume reductions in the __, but with significant effects in other regions
amygdala
42
In FTD, regression analysis showed the quality of insight across all patients related to grey matter intensity in __ and __ regions.
OFC; | frontopolar
43
In FTD, quality of emotion insight across all patients was related to grey matter intensity in __, __ and __ regions.
frontopolar; amygdala; hippocampal
44
Tasks of __ might contribute to increasing diagnostic accuracy. bvFTD patients tend to perform more poorly on emotion recognition tasks than __ patients and __ patients.
emotion processing; Alzheimer'; Huntington's
45
__ tend to have impaired theory of mind, empathy, moral judgement and interpretation of social situations
bvFTD patients
46
Generally, small samples of clinical studies has prevented analysis of the relationship between emotion processing problems and __.
day-to-day functioning
47
Kipps et al. 2009 did not find a relationship between emotion recognition and activities of daily living, despite deficits on both. Did however find a positive relationship between emotion processing and __, indicating that __.
mood scales; | better emotion recognition was associated with being rated as more emotionally reactive by their carers.