EF and cognitive control

Question 1

According to Miller & Cohen (2001), cognitive control is…

Answer 1

the ability to orchestrate thought and action in accordance with internal goals

Question 2

According to Miller & Cohen (2001), cognitive control stems from…

Answer 2

The active maintenance of patterns of activity in the prefrontal cortex that represent goals and the means to achieve them.

Question 3

___ detects the need for greater levels of control.
___ implements top-down
control over performance

Answer 3

Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC); Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)

Question 4

When we encounter increasing task difficulty, we ___

Answer 4

focus our attention on task- relevant stimuli and ignore irrelevant stimuli

Question 5

To implement cognitive control in the Stroop task:
the dorsal ACC ___
The DLPFC ‘cognitive control’ system ___

Answer 5

detects the response conflict present in an incongruent word;
resolves this conflict through biasing attention to colour processing, rather than word reading

Question 6

Egner and Hirsch (2005) performed an fMRI study where they ___

Answer 6

presented participants with congruent and incongruent face-name stimuli

Question 7

By using face stimuli as either target or distracter stimuli in a Stroop-like task, Egner and Hirsch (2005)
could test whether better cognitive control performance was associated with:

Answer 7

1. amplified processing of the faces (when they were a target)
2. Suppressed processing of faces (when they were a distracter)
3. Or both

Question 8

Egner and Hirsch (2005): the plot of BOLD activity in the FFA region shows that___
This indicates that ___

Answer 8

• When faces are the target, higher cognitive control performance was associated with increased activity in the FFA when compared to low control trials.
• When faces are the distracter, control performance is not associated with the level of FFA activity;

Rather than suppression of faces, the data suggests the amplification of task-relevant stimuli.

Question 9

Psychophysiologic interaction analysis

(PPI) represents a measure of ___

Answer 9

Context-dependent connectivity, explaining regionally specific responses in one brain area in terms of the interaction between input from another brain region and a cognitive (or sensory) process .

Question 10

Egner and Hirsch (2005), using PPI, found that only the functional coupling between DLPFC and FFA
increased under ___, indicating that ____

Answer 10

high control in the face target condition, but not face distracter condition;
the DLPFC is communicating the need for FFA activity only when the face is the relevant target.

Question 11

Tasks such as the Go/No-go and Stop Signal task require participants to ___

Answer 11

withhold a prepotent, or automatic,

motor response

Question 12

Performance on the Go/No-go and Stop Signal tasks has ___ reliability and validity, including a high correlation with real-world dysexecutive problems

Answer 12

good;

high

Question 13

Go/No-go and Stop Signal tasks are ideal for fMRI, and other methods (i.e., EEG, TMS), because ___

Answer 13

specific events of interest (e.g., successful (Stop trials) or failed inhibition (Error trials) can be isolated in time from ongoing task-related activity.

Question 14

fMRI research has consistently shown that
successful response inhibition requires a
network of ___ regions.

Answer 14

right inferior frontal, right parietal and dorsal ACC

Question 15

Lesion studies have found that the volume of lesion damage to the ___, but not other regions, correlated with the stop-signal response time (SSRT) measure from the stop-signal task
(Aron et al. 2003).
SSRT reflects ___.

Answer 15

right inferior frontal gyrus;
the time it takes to internally suppress a prepotent
response, faster times = better control

Question 16

TMS allows you to ___. Most of the research using TMS is limited to a couple of centimetres in from ___.

Answer 16

temporarily deactivate specific cortical locations.;

the cortical surface

Question 17

Transcortical stimulation studies (TMS) of repetitive TMS over the ___ have shown that temporary deactivation of this location ___ inhibitory control

Answer 17

right inferior frontal cortex;

impaired

Question 18

Measured using the stop-signal task (Chambers et al. 2006):
TMS of the middle frontal or angular gyrus did not ___.
TMS of the right inferior frontal cortex and middle frontal and angular gyri did not ___

Answer 18

significantly alter performance;

significantly affect the speed or accuracy of go trial responses.

Question 19

Speed of responding is important in response inhibition studies because ___

Answer 19

the faster you respond, the harder it is to inhibit

Question 20

The overlap of the __ across PPI, fMRI and TMS studies demonstrates the neuroanatomical importance of the __ to inhibitory control.
The combination of methods allows
discrimination of the network of regions important to response inhibition, which can then be ____

Answer 20

right inferior frontal gyrus regions;
right inferior frontal gyrus;
tested with causation using either TMS or a lesion study

Question 21

The limitation of the lesion approach is always ___

Answer 21

the ability to specify discrete neuroanatomical regions

Question 22

Loss of control is ___

Answer 22

relative, not absolute

Question 23

Cognition is fundamental for the ability to inhibit the ___, and for the ___ — both key factors in drug dependence (Kalivas and Volkow,
2005).

Answer 23

immediate pursuit of pleasurable stimuli;

development of adaptive patterns of behaviour

Question 24

Chronic methamphetamine use has been associated with a significant magnitude of impairment across domains, much greater than cocaine and marijuana, and more akin to ___

Answer 24

Alzheimer’s disease

Question 25

Methamphetamine use: Use behaviour (frequency, duration, quantity) does not predict ___

Answer 25

the level of cognitive impairment

Question 26

For those chronic MA users who enter treatment, cognitive function worsens in the ___stages of abstinence

Answer 26

early

Question 27

Dependent MA users show significantly poorer performance on self- control tasks (such as the GNG, SST). The cognitive deficits are associated with significantly lower activity in both the ___regions.

Answer 27

prefrontal and anterior cingulate

Question 28

The presence of brain and behaviour differences in problem gamblers raises the question as to what extent dysfunction is caused by, or causes ___

Answer 28

drug use

Question 29

___ dysfunction is present in drug- | naive children with a family history of drug dependence

Answer 29

Prefrontal

Question 30

Poor cognitive control performance in drug-naive children has a predictive longitudinal relationship to risk for developing ___

Answer 30

subsequent drug addiction

Question 31

IMAGEN project: ___ children tested every __ years from the age of __. __ sites across Europe.

Answer 31

2000; 2; 10; 7

Question 32

Whelan et al.'s (2014) IMAGEN project found they could correctly identify 73% of the binge drinkers at age 16 using a model of parameters from age 14 (prior to binge drinking) that included ___

Answer 32

prefrontal activity during inhibitory control (both successful and failed)

Question 33

ADHD is characterised by ___

Answer 33

inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity

Question 34

When testing children for ADHD, you'd focus on neuropsychological deficits involving ___

Answer 34

higher order executive control functions, including response inhibition and motor timing

Question 35

``` In children with ADHD, ___ may account for a wide range of symptoms: Motor clumsiness Reactive responses in cognitive tasks Problems with delaying responses Poor protection of interference Disruptive social behaviour Emotional dyscontrol ```

Answer 35

inappropriate temporal and inhibitory control of motor output

Question 36

___ deficits are associated with | prefrontal dysfunction in drug-naive children with ADHD

Answer 36

Response inhibition

Question 37

Chamberlain et al. 2006 gave people the stop-signal and reward learning tasks while under the influence of either atomoxetine (noradrenergic) or citalopram (serotonergic). SST performance was improved by __, but not ___, modulation. The __ pattern was found for reward learning performance.

Answer 37

noradrenergic; serotonergic; opposite

Question 38

Drugs that affect the ___ have the capacity to modulate our cognitive control.

Answer 38

catecholamine system in the brain (noradrenaline and dopamine)

Question 39

Clinical studies have consistently demonstrated that atomoxetine and methylphenidate (Ritalin) to children diagnosed with ADHD, results in ___

Answer 39

significant improvements to performance on attention tasks

Question 40

Aron et al. 2003, demonstrated that ___ performance significantly improved in children with ADHD taking Ritalin. Chamberlain (2009) subsequently showed that these improvements were associated with ___

Answer 40

stop-signal; significant increases in | right inferior frontal gyrus activity during Stop trials

Question 41

Li et al. 2010, demonstrated that stop-signal performance significantly improved in adult dependent cocaine users taking ___. These improvements were associated with significant increases in ___ during Stop trials

Answer 41

Ritalin; | ventromedial prefrontal activity

Question 42

ADHD and Drug addiction are characterised by low tonic levels of dopamine. Other conditions that have both low tonic levels of dopamine and poor inhibitory control include ___

Answer 42

Parkinson's disease, Schizophrenia, OCD, frontotemporal dementia, Tourette's, Huntington's

Question 43

No clear evidence that dopamine replacement therapy in PD results in significant improvements in cognitive control. A subset of PD patients (figures vary, most estimate 15-20%) who begin DRT will develop ___

Answer 43

impulsive-compulsive behaviours (ICBs): Uncharacteristic and often destructive behavioural changes that are expressed in impulsive (e.g., buying a car with retirement savings) and compulsive ways (e.g., gambling, sexual behaviour)

Question 44

__ availability of D2 receptors in the human midbrain has been linked to vulnerability to addiction

Answer 44

Low

Question 45

___ d2 receptor levels has shown to be a protective factor in siblings of drug dependent individuals

Answer 45

High

Question 46

An inverted U-shape curve has been hypothesised by Volkow, suggesting that ___. In people with low levels of d2 receptors, the large drug-induced increases in DA result in optimal stimulation. •In people with high levels of d2 receptors the large increase ___.

Answer 46

there is an optimal level of Dopamine stimulation for the drug to be perceived as 'pleasant'; pushes them to far and into the unpleasant range of the curve

Question 47

Possession of the __ gene has been found to predict, longitudinally, risk for developing drug dependence. The odds ratio (effect size), suggests that people who possess the gene are ___ times more likely to develop a drug dependence in their lifetime.

Answer 47

Taq1A; | 2 to 5

Question 48

Possession of the Taq1a gene has been associated with poor response to treatment for drug addiction, with ___

Answer 48

significantly higher rates of relapse

Question 49

Dopamine D2 receptor levels and metabolism are ___ in methamphetamine users (Volkow et al. 2001)

Answer 49

significantly depleted

Question 50

In MA users, the level of dopamine metabolism depletion is a predictor of relapse risk and the development of __

Answer 50

Parkinsonian symptoms

Question 51

Dopamine and games: Dopamine release is sensitive to d__

Answer 51

difficulty. (As the game gets harder, rewards become more intermittent)

Question 52

Dopamine and games: Dopamine release is sensitive to p___

Answer 52

probability. (Games of luck are unpredictable, reward schedules are unpredictable. Strategy of variable ratio schedule of reinforcement is used in poker machines — never know when you are going to win, but you win just often enough to entice you to keep playing. Partly because of the illusion of control/skill)

Question 53

Dopamine release varies with s___

Answer 53

satiation. (Hedonic adaptation is the effect that satiation has on dopamine release to intermittent rewards)

Question 54

Interval schedules for reward are argued to positively influence habit learning because ___

Answer 54

we can form associations between context and response, without having to have a representation of the goal or outcome of the action. We can respond to a stimulus repeatedly, resulting in repetition and automatisation of our response, with occasional and unpredictable rewards ensuring that the behaviour doesn't extinguish. We might continue to repeat a response, just in case this time is a longer than usual interval. Examples: Checking behaviour (E-mail, social media)

Question 55

Contingency management is when the patient

Answer 55

receives tangible, positive reinforcers for objective evidence of behaviour change.

Question 56

___ cortices appears critical to inhibitory control.

Answer 56

Prefrontal and anterior cingulate

Question 57

Dysfunction in __ regions is found in different types of addiction, which is associated with behaviours that appear to perpetuate the disorder, including ___.

Answer 57

prefrontal and anterior cingulate; | Impulsiveness for reward and attentional bias to drug-related cues

Question 58

Neurochemical, neurostimulation and other techniques have been used to improve __ via modulation of the critical regions

Answer 58

control

Question 59

Reward sensitivity can influence both ___

Answer 59

learning and control

Question 60

Tonic dopamine levels, and response to dopamine-inducing stimuli, appear critical to sensitivity to ___ Having low dopamine levels is also associated with ___

Answer 60

environmental rewards; | poorer cognitive control performance

Question 61

Addiction appears to include the combination of ___ | All of which are influenced by ___

Answer 61

high drive to seek reward low ability to control reward impulses reduced capacity to learn from the negative consequences; dopamine