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Cog Neuro > EF and cognitive control > Flashcards

EF and cognitive control Flashcards

1
Q

According to Miller & Cohen (2001), cognitive control is…

A

the ability to orchestrate thought and action in accordance with internal goals

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2
Q

According to Miller & Cohen (2001), cognitive control stems from…

A

The active maintenance of patterns of activity in the prefrontal cortex that represent goals and the means to achieve them.

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3
Q

___ detects the need for greater levels of control.
___ implements top-down
control over performance

A

Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC); Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)

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4
Q

When we encounter increasing task difficulty, we ___

A

focus our attention on task- relevant stimuli and ignore irrelevant stimuli

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5
Q

To implement cognitive control in the Stroop task:
the dorsal ACC ___
The DLPFC ‘cognitive control’ system ___

A

detects the response conflict present in an incongruent word;
resolves this conflict through biasing attention to colour processing, rather than word reading

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6
Q

Egner and Hirsch (2005) performed an fMRI study where they ___

A

presented participants with congruent and incongruent face-name stimuli

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7
Q

By using face stimuli as either target or distracter stimuli in a Stroop-like task, Egner and Hirsch (2005)
could test whether better cognitive control performance was associated with:

A
  1. amplified processing of the faces (when they were a target)
  2. Suppressed processing of faces (when they were a distracter)
  3. Or both
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8
Q

Egner and Hirsch (2005): the plot of BOLD activity in the FFA region shows that___
This indicates that ___

A
  • When faces are the target, higher cognitive control performance was associated with increased activity in the FFA when compared to low control trials.
  • When faces are the distracter, control performance is not associated with the level of FFA activity;

Rather than suppression of faces, the data suggests the amplification of task-relevant stimuli.

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9
Q

Psychophysiologic interaction analysis

(PPI) represents a measure of ___

A

Context-dependent connectivity, explaining regionally specific responses in one brain area in terms of the interaction between input from another brain region and a cognitive (or sensory) process .

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10
Q

Egner and Hirsch (2005), using PPI, found that only the functional coupling between DLPFC and FFA
increased under ___, indicating that ____

A

high control in the face target condition, but not face distracter condition;
the DLPFC is communicating the need for FFA activity only when the face is the relevant target.

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11
Q

Tasks such as the Go/No-go and Stop Signal task require participants to ___

A

withhold a prepotent, or automatic,

motor response

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12
Q

Performance on the Go/No-go and Stop Signal tasks has ___ reliability and validity, including a high correlation with real-world dysexecutive problems

A

good;

high

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13
Q

Go/No-go and Stop Signal tasks are ideal for fMRI, and other methods (i.e., EEG, TMS), because ___

A

specific events of interest (e.g., successful (Stop trials) or failed inhibition (Error trials) can be isolated in time from ongoing task-related activity.

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14
Q

fMRI research has consistently shown that
successful response inhibition requires a
network of ___ regions.

A

right inferior frontal, right parietal and dorsal ACC

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15
Q

Lesion studies have found that the volume of lesion damage to the ___, but not other regions, correlated with the stop-signal response time (SSRT) measure from the stop-signal task
(Aron et al. 2003).
SSRT reflects ___.

A

right inferior frontal gyrus;
the time it takes to internally suppress a prepotent
response, faster times = better control

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16
Q

TMS allows you to ___. Most of the research using TMS is limited to a couple of centimetres in from ___.

A

temporarily deactivate specific cortical locations.;

the cortical surface

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17
Q

Transcortical stimulation studies (TMS) of repetitive TMS over the ___ have shown that temporary deactivation of this location ___ inhibitory control

A

right inferior frontal cortex;

impaired

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18
Q

Measured using the stop-signal task (Chambers et al. 2006):
TMS of the middle frontal or angular gyrus did not ___.
TMS of the right inferior frontal cortex and middle frontal and angular gyri did not ___

A

significantly alter performance;

significantly affect the speed or accuracy of go trial responses.

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19
Q

Speed of responding is important in response inhibition studies because ___

A

the faster you respond, the harder it is to inhibit

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20
Q

The overlap of the __ across PPI, fMRI and TMS studies demonstrates the neuroanatomical importance of the __ to inhibitory control.
The combination of methods allows
discrimination of the network of regions important to response inhibition, which can then be ____

A

right inferior frontal gyrus regions;
right inferior frontal gyrus;
tested with causation using either TMS or a lesion study

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21
Q

The limitation of the lesion approach is always ___

A

the ability to specify discrete neuroanatomical regions

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22
Q

Loss of control is ___

A

relative, not absolute

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23
Q

Cognition is fundamental for the ability to inhibit the ___, and for the ___ — both key factors in drug dependence (Kalivas and Volkow,
2005).

A

immediate pursuit of pleasurable stimuli;

development of adaptive patterns of behaviour

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24
Q

Chronic methamphetamine use has been associated with a significant magnitude of impairment across domains, much greater than cocaine and marijuana, and more akin to ___

A

Alzheimer’s disease

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25
Q

Methamphetamine use: Use behaviour (frequency, duration, quantity) does not predict ___

A

the level of cognitive impairment

26
Q

For those chronic MA users who enter treatment, cognitive function worsens in the ___stages of abstinence

A

early

27
Q

Dependent MA users show
significantly poorer performance on self- control tasks (such as the GNG, SST).
The cognitive deficits are associated with significantly lower activity in both the ___regions.

A

prefrontal and anterior cingulate

28
Q

The presence of brain and behaviour
differences in problem gamblers raises the question as to what extent
dysfunction is caused by, or causes ___

A

drug use

29
Q

___ dysfunction is present in drug-

naive children with a family history of drug dependence

A

Prefrontal

30
Q

Poor cognitive control performance in
drug-naive children has a predictive
longitudinal relationship to risk for
developing ___

A

subsequent drug addiction

31
Q

IMAGEN project: ___ children tested every __ years from the age of __. __ sites across Europe.

A

2000;
2;
10;
7

32
Q

Whelan et al.’s (2014) IMAGEN project found they could correctly identify 73% of the binge drinkers at age 16 using a
model of parameters from age 14 (prior to binge drinking) that included ___

A

prefrontal activity during inhibitory control (both successful and failed)

33
Q

ADHD is characterised by ___

A

inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity

34
Q

When testing children for ADHD, you’d focus on neuropsychological deficits involving ___

A

higher order executive control functions, including response inhibition and motor timing

35
Q 
In children with ADHD, \_\_\_  may account for a wide range of symptoms: 
Motor clumsiness 
Reactive responses in cognitive tasks 
Problems with delaying responses 
Poor protection of interference 
Disruptive social behaviour 
Emotional dyscontrol
A

inappropriate temporal and inhibitory control of motor output

36
Q

___ deficits are associated with

prefrontal dysfunction in drug-naive children with ADHD

A

Response inhibition

37
Q

Chamberlain et al. 2006 gave people the stop-signal and reward learning tasks while under the influence of either atomoxetine (noradrenergic) or
citalopram (serotonergic).
SST performance was improved by __, but not ___, modulation.
The __ pattern was found for reward learning performance.

A

noradrenergic;
serotonergic;
opposite

38
Q

Drugs that affect the ___ have the capacity to modulate our cognitive control.

A

catecholamine system in the brain (noradrenaline and dopamine)

39
Q

Clinical studies have consistently demonstrated that atomoxetine and methylphenidate (Ritalin) to children
diagnosed with ADHD, results in ___

A

significant improvements to performance on attention tasks

40
Q

Aron et al. 2003, demonstrated that ___ performance significantly improved in children with ADHD taking Ritalin.
Chamberlain (2009) subsequently showed that these improvements were associated with ___

A

stop-signal; significant increases in

right inferior frontal gyrus activity during Stop trials

41
Q

Li et al. 2010, demonstrated that stop-signal performance significantly improved in adult dependent cocaine users taking ___.
These improvements were associated with significant increases in ___ during Stop trials

A

Ritalin;

ventromedial prefrontal activity

42
Q

ADHD and Drug addiction are characterised by low tonic levels of dopamine.
Other conditions that have both low tonic levels of dopamine and poor inhibitory control include ___

A

Parkinson’s disease, Schizophrenia, OCD, frontotemporal dementia, Tourette’s, Huntington’s

43
Q

No clear evidence that dopamine replacement therapy in PD results in significant improvements in cognitive control.
A subset of PD patients (figures vary, most estimate 15-20%) who begin DRT will develop ___

A

impulsive-compulsive behaviours (ICBs): Uncharacteristic and often destructive behavioural changes that are expressed in impulsive (e.g., buying a car with retirement savings) and compulsive ways (e.g., gambling, sexual behaviour)

44
Q

__ availability of D2 receptors in the human midbrain has been linked to
vulnerability to addiction

A

Low

45
Q

___ d2 receptor levels has shown to be a protective factor in siblings of
drug dependent individuals

A

High

46
Q

An inverted U-shape curve has been hypothesised by Volkow, suggesting that ___.
In people with low levels of d2 receptors, the large drug-induced increases in DA result in optimal stimulation.
•In people with high levels of d2 receptors the large increase ___.

A

there is an optimal level of Dopamine stimulation for the drug to be perceived
as ‘pleasant’;
pushes them to far and into the unpleasant range of the curve

47
Q

Possession of the __ gene has been found to predict, longitudinally,
risk for developing drug dependence.
The odds ratio (effect size), suggests that people who possess the gene are
___ times more likely to develop a drug dependence in their lifetime.

A

Taq1A;

2 to 5

48
Q

Possession of the Taq1a gene has been associated with poor response to
treatment for drug addiction, with ___

A

significantly higher rates of relapse

49
Q

Dopamine D2 receptor levels and metabolism are ___ in methamphetamine users (Volkow et al.
2001)

A

significantly depleted

50
Q

In MA users, the level of dopamine metabolism depletion is a predictor of relapse risk and the development of __

A

Parkinsonian symptoms

51
Q

Dopamine and games: Dopamine release is sensitive to d__

A

difficulty. (As the game gets harder, rewards become more intermittent)

52
Q

Dopamine and games: Dopamine release is sensitive to p___

A

probability. (Games of luck are unpredictable, reward schedules are
unpredictable.
Strategy of variable ratio schedule of reinforcement is used in poker machines — never know when you are going to win, but you win just often enough to entice you to keep playing.
Partly because of the illusion of control/skill)

53
Q

Dopamine release varies with s___

A

satiation. (Hedonic adaptation is the effect that satiation has on dopamine release to intermittent rewards)

54
Q

Interval schedules for reward are argued to positively influence habit learning because ___

A

we can form associations between context and response, without having to have a representation of the goal or outcome of the action.
We can respond to a stimulus repeatedly, resulting in repetition and automatisation of our response, with occasional and unpredictable rewards ensuring that the behaviour doesn’t extinguish.
We might continue to repeat a response, just in case this time is a longer than usual interval.
Examples: Checking behaviour (E-mail, social media)

55
Q

Contingency management is when the patient

A

receives tangible, positive reinforcers for objective evidence of behaviour change.

56
Q

___ cortices appears critical to inhibitory control.

A

Prefrontal and anterior cingulate

57
Q

Dysfunction in __ regions is found in different types of addiction, which is associated with behaviours that appear to perpetuate the
disorder, including ___.

A

prefrontal and anterior cingulate;

Impulsiveness for reward and attentional bias to drug-related cues

58
Q

Neurochemical, neurostimulation and other techniques have been used
to improve __ via modulation of the critical regions

A

control

59
Q

Reward sensitivity can influence both ___

A

learning and control

60
Q

Tonic dopamine levels, and response to dopamine-inducing stimuli,
appear critical to sensitivity to ___
Having low dopamine levels is also associated with ___

A

environmental rewards;

poorer cognitive control performance

61
Q

Addiction appears to include the combination of ___

All of which are influenced by ___

A

high drive to seek reward
low ability to control reward impulses
reduced capacity to learn from the negative consequences;
dopamine

Cog Neuro (5 decks)

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