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cognition, emotion and development > emotion 2 > Flashcards

emotion 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the effects of emotion on cognition?

an example?

A

emotional stimuli elicit automatic responses and grab attention

‘preparedness’ - evolved innate fear of phobic stimuli e.g snakes but not modern dangers

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2
Q

what did Winkielman find about unconscious emotion and unconsious priming effects?

A

strong effects of unconscious (16 secs) emotional faces on behaviour IF in a motivational state e.g thirsty

happy subliminal face then poored and drank more of drink than neutral or angry

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3
Q

what did Bargh find about priming effects?

A

temperature priming feelings

e.g warm drink make people feel kinder and cold makes meaner

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4
Q

what is meant by priming effects?

A

unconscious exposure to emotions changing behaviour

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5
Q

how is cognitive bias towards emotional stimuli studied and how are these tests used?

A

cognitive tasks with emotional aspect added to demonstrate influence of emotional stimuli on e.g memory

frequently used in clinical settings

some used as treatments to modify cognitive biases

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6
Q

what is attention?

what may it depend on?

A

a process by which specific stimuli within the external and internal environment are selected for further processing

may depend on situation and mood

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7
Q

3 types of tasks to look at attentional bias?

A
  1. detection task - pay attention quickly see it in array
  2. visual search task - detect target stimulus in array e.g sad face among happy quick response means negative attentional bias
  3. emotional stroop task - RT to negative and positive emotional words
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8
Q

what are some of the difficulties in interpreting stroop task?

A
  1. disorder related words may induce internal attention
  2. may induce emotional reaction that slows response
  3. cognitive avoidance of e.g not looking at injury words
  4. carry over effect from previous trials - avoided by single word at a time and following up with neutral word
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9
Q

describe the dot probe task to measure attention?

problems?

modifications?

A

whether attention captured by neutral or pos/neg either side of the dot

engagement or disengagement

put cue in front of one to see how much something captures and holds our attention

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10
Q

what is an attentional bias?

anxiety and depression attentional biases?

A

systematic tendency to attend to a particular type of stimulus over others

underlying process in range of disorders
e.g anxiety - bias for threatening info
depression - sad stimulus bias

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11
Q

brain structures underlying attentional biases?

what do amygdala regions lead to?

A

neuronal response to emotional faces in prefrontal cortex

increased interaction (upregulation of responses) between amygdala and visual cortex when presented emotional stimuli (over neutral)

amygdala lesions abolish bias for emotional words

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12
Q

name some factors which determine whether memory is encoded and retrieved?

A

salience
mood
enviro
threat

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13
Q

describe the weapon focus effect as an effect of attention on memory?

A

unable to recall much else apart from weapon

so attention and memory interact as unable to take in info other than focus

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14
Q

role of amygdala in memories recalled?

A

more activated amygdala is then better recall of memory - more activated when emotional stimulus

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15
Q

what does amygdala damage lead to?

A

reverses memory bias for emtional stimulus more activating than neutral

attend to both the same

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16
Q

how can fear memory traces be modified?

A

every time memory recalled it is reactivated and reconsolidated into LTM

can be modified by blocking reconsolidation by injecting protein synthesis inhibitor or anaesthetics during reconsolidation to prevent being stored again

17
Q

what is a mood-congruent memory?

what is it hypothesised to be a factor of?

A

selective encoding or retrieval that occurs while the individuals are in a mood state consistent with the affective value of the material

hypothesised to be a factor of maintenance of depression as more depressed so recall more negative events

18
Q

what is an explanation of mood-congruent memories?

A

emotions stored in semantic networks

activate one node and activation spreads to all related concepts in network

19
Q

what is thought congruity?

A

content of thoughts are congruent with mood state

20
Q

what are the effects of antidepressants on memories?

A

decreased recognition of negative emotional expressions

increase positive bias in attention and memory in healthy controls

21
Q

what are the differences of cognitive bias in anxiety and depression?

A

attentional bias - lots in anxiety and a bit in depression

interpretive bias - lots in anxiety a bit in depression

memory bias - little in anxiety lots in depression

22
Q

describe attentional bias modification for anxiety and depression patients?

A

trained to attend away from negative stimuli e.g click neutral face and ignore negative effect

can lead to reduction in symptoms

23
Q

describe appraisal theories?

A

cognitive appraisals start the emotion process
automatically or consciously
primary - motivational relevance e.g pos/neg
secondary - resources to cope with situation
reappraisal - stimulus and coping strategies monitored

24
Q

what is emotional regulation and what are the 5 stages of it?

A

management and control of emotional states by various processes

  1. situation selection - avoidance
  2. situation modification - bring a friend
  3. attention deployment - focus on positive
  4. cognitive change (proactive) - think differently about negative
  5. response modulation (reactive) - hiding emotion
25
Q

what happens in the brain during emotional regulation?

A

distraction or reappraisal engage cognitive regions of brain (prefrontal cortex)
and deactivate emotional regions (amygdala)

26
Q

study comparing distraction vs reappraisal as emotional regulation techniques?

what is the brain response?

A

look at pictures whilst engaging in distraction or reappraisal

negative emotions not quite as negative when using these techniques

amygdala inhibition response during both techniques

prefrontal cortex becoming active

27
Q

findings for abnormal emotional regulation in depression?

A

say whether word seen briefly pos/neg/neu

then working memory task

amygdala response keeps on increasing even during working memory task when meant to be inhibited by cognitive areas

cognitive areas shutting down so negative relationship

28
Q

what is the split in the anterior cingulate during emotional regulation?

what is it involved with?

A

ventral - regulation
dorsal - appraisal/expression

involved in negative emotional bias as increased response in depression and negative sitmuli

overactive in those with depression

29
Q

treatments for depression to change emotional regulation?

A

1) TMS
2) deep brain stimulation (DBS) of ventral anterior cingulate by inserting electrodes into that area of the brain
3) brain training - activates working-memory/cognitive areas and deactivates emotional regions

30
Q

what do lesions in ventromedial prefrontal cortex lead to?

A

impairment of emotional expression identification
impulsivesness
impairment of decision making

e.g Phineas Gage

31
Q

describe the Iowa Gambling Task to demonstrate emotional learning in those with lesions and substance abuse?

A

2 risky decks - win or lose big
2 safer decks - reduced loses

lesions to ventromedial prefrontal cortex or those with substance dependence don’t show normal learning as pick more risky decks and lose lots of money (lesions group worse)

32
Q

what is the physiological arousal in the Iowa gambling task?

A 
increased arousal ('warning signals') when picking from 'risky' decks in controls 
- known as Somatic Marker hypothesis: reactivating previous emotional response to decision

but not in lesions group of emotional brain areas

33
Q

what are the results of conscious knowledge of the Iowa Gamling Task?

A

people with explicit knowledge of what was going on do better on game
physiological arousal higher then better they were on task

no correlation between 2 - good awareness in body and listening but others good at figuring things out (2 routes but not both)

cognition, emotion and development (13 decks)

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