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Pharmacology > Emetics and anti-emetics > Flashcards

Emetics and anti-emetics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 main drugs used to induce emesis in small animals?

A

Xylazine and apomorphine

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2
Q

What is the mechanism of action of xylazine?

A

a2-adrenoceptor agonist, binds to receptors in CTZ

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3
Q

How is xylazine administered?

A

I.V. or I.M.

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4
Q

What is the main use of xylazine?

A

Emetic in cats

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5
Q

What are the side effects associated with xylazine?

A

Sedation

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6
Q

What is the mechanism of action of apomorphine?

A

Dopamine agonist, binds to receptors in CTZ

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7
Q

How is apomorphine administered?

A

Parentrally (tablet can be placed under eye and removed once vomiting begins)

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8
Q

What is the main use of apomorphine?

A

Emetic in dogs

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9
Q

What are the side effects associated with apomorphine?

A

Protracted vomiting, excitement, restlessness

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10
Q

In which species should vomiting never be induced?

A

Horses and rabbits

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11
Q

What are the 4 therapeutic options for preventing emesis?

A

Phenothiazines, metoclopramide, neurokinin antagonists, 5HT3 antagonists

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12
Q

What is the mechanism of action of phenothiazines?

A

D2 antagonist

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13
Q

Describe the pharmacokinetics of phenothiazines

A
  • Oral administration
  • Well absorbed and distributed
  • Excreted by kidneys
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14
Q

What are the main uses of pheothiazines?

A
  • Broad spectrum anti-emetic

- Sedative

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15
Q

What are the side effects associated with phenothiazines?

A

Hypotension, bradycardia, sedation

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16
Q

What is the mechanism of action of metoclopramide?

A

D2 antagonist

17
Q

Describe the pharmacokinetics of metoclopramide

A
  • Oral, I.M., subcutaneous or slow I.V. administration
  • 1st pass metabolism
  • Excreted by kidneys
18
Q

What are the side effects associated with metoclopramide?

A

Movement disorders and fatigue

19
Q

What are the main uses of metoclopramide?

A
  • Anti-emetic

- Gastric motility disorders

20
Q

What is the mechanism of action of neurokinin antagonists?

A

Nk-1 receptor antagonist

21
Q

Describe the pharmacokinetics of neurokinin antagonists

A
  • Oral or subcutaneous administration

- Hepatic metabolism

22
Q

What are the main uses of neurokinin antagonists?

A

Broad specturm anti-emetic

23
Q

Are there any side effects associated with neurokinin antagonists?

A

Hypersalivation and diarrhoea

24
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of 5HT3 antagonists

A

5HT3 antagonist

25
Q

What are the main uses of 5HT3 antagonists?

A

Use if metoclopramide is uneffective

26
Q

Are there any side effects associated with 5HT3 antagonists?

A

Usually well tolerated with few side effects

Pharmacology (9 decks)

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