Emerging IDs Flashcards
Deliberate disease
Intentional introduces
Re emerging diseases
Once posed health issues then decr dramatically and are resurging again
Key reservoirs for viral zoonosis
Bats
Rodents
EID hotspot
Regions where diseases are more likely to originate usually have high pop density and are ill equipped to cope
Categories of EIDs or ReIDs
Tropical
Non tropical
Drug resistant pathogens
Re emerging
Drivers for EID
Land use changes Enviro changes Human demographics and behaviour changers Technology and industry Pathogen changes
Cause of nipah virus emergence
Deforestation
Urbanisation
Incr pig pop
Ebola emergence
Bush meat consumption Wildlife encroachment Poor health systems Tourism Governance breakdown
Influenza emergence
Species mixing
Pathogen changes
High pop densities
Travel
Pandemic zoonoses stages
1- between reservoirs spread geographically - more likely spill over
2- initial spill over to humans
3- person to person wide spread pathogen travel. Vector translocation
Life sciences response
Develop diagnosis and therapeutic techs
Drive lab research
Food & agri industry response
Culling
Product recall
Human &I vet health care sector response
Monitor pops
Provide care
Give preventative interventions
Provide trained profs and animal handlers
Global response
WHO report all EID that could globally spread
Notify other countries through global alert and response network
Assess transmission risk
Establish control measures
What is an EID
Newly recognised in a population or occurred before but now incr incidence/ expansion, vector host range
Complex factors leading to disease emergence
Social Economic Political Enviro Pathogen dependent
How to prevent in future
Understand factors leading to emergence
Improve data collection &I processing
Empower communities to be proactive
Early prevention steps (next EID)
System to prevent stage 2 Spillovers monitored carefully Molecular ways of ID of pathogen Emerging pandemic threats programme Behavioural changes campaign
Avian flu
Highly mutagenic
Antigenic shift evade immune system
Wild bird reservoir
Direct/indirect contact (human d only)
Avian flu symptoms
Human fever lethargy cough joint pain nasal discharge
Animal respiratory issues head oedema cyanosis of wattles or asymptomatic
Avian flu control
Prevent wild bird access Bio security National surveillance ND Vacc Movement restrictions Culling
BSE transmission
Ingestion
Maternal
Humans also transfusion
BSE symptoms
Animals fear aggression easily startled depressed excitable exaggerated reaction to noise muscle fasciculatio
Human Depression anxiety insomnia social withdrawal immobile mute death (neurodegenerative)
BSE control
Abattoir controls Remove WBC from transfusion Prohibit some blood donations Risk material away No cattle prior to '96 in food chain Testing
