Emerging Adulthood Flashcards
What is the age for emerging adulthood?
Ages 18-25
Explain the general health of this age group
- Biologically between ages 18 to 25 is the prime of life (optimal health)
- Peak for athletic performance, physical work, and safe reproduction
What is the age of maximum height for girls?
Age 16
What is the age of maximum height for boys?
- Age 18
- Expect for the few late maturing boys at age 21
What is senescence?
Senescence: the process of aging
- Gradual decline in the body
- Growth stops
When does senescence begin?
Senescence begins in late adolescence
What is organ reserve?
- Organ reserve: the capacity of the organs to allow the body to cope with stress, via extra, unused functioning ability
- Organ reserve decreases each year
What is muscle reserve?
-
Muscle reserve: relates to physical strength
- The maximum potential strength that typically begins to decline by age 25
What is homeostasis?
-
Homeostasis: immediate adjustment via the hypothalamus
- __The adjustment of all the body’s systems to keep physiological functions in a state of equilibrium
How does aging affect homeostasis?
- As the body ages, it takes longer for the homeostatic adjustments to occur
- Thereby it becomes harder and harder for the body to adapt to stress as it gets older
What is allostasis?
-
Allostasis: a dynamic body adjustment related to homestasis that affects the overall physiology over time
- Ex: obesity
What is the main difference between allostasis and homeostasis?
- Homeostasis = immediate adjustment
- Allostasis = longer term adjustment
What are the health benefits of exercise?
- Lowers blood pressure
- Strengthens the heart and lungs
- Lowers chances of getting:
- Osteoporosis
- Heart disease
- Arthritis
- Some cancers
What is an ideal exercise routine?
- Exercising for a minimum of 30 minutes, 5 times a week
- Ideally having intense exercise routines consisting of jogging, cycling, and swimming
What are factors that encourage one to be more active?
- Friendships
- Having a work out buddy to keep you motivated
- Communities with parks, running trails, and gyms
How many US adults are within the emerging adults within the normal BMI range (between 20-25 BMI)?
Less than 1/3 of US adults
What are the three leading causes of death for 15-25 year olds?
- Accidents
- Homicides
- Suicides
What are some explanations for the higher risk taking in this age group?
- Social
- Young men vie for status among other males and for female attention by showing off
- Biological
- Young men’s hormones, energy, and brain development which once propelled them to engage in strenous physical work, now need another outlet
Explain Piaget’s 5th Cognitive Stage:
Postformal Thought
- Not everybody develops postformal thought
- A proposed adult stage of cognitive development, following Piaget’s four stages, that goes beyond adolescent thinking by being more practical, more flexible, and more dialectical
- __More capable of combining contradicting elements into a comprehensive whole
What are the 3 components of postformal thought?
The three components of postformal thought are:
- Subjective thought
- Cognitive flexibility
- Dialectical thought
Explain subjective thought
-
Subjective thought:
- __Thinking that is strongly influenced by personal qualities of the individual thinker, such as past experiences, cultural assumptions, and goals for the future
Explain objective thought
-
Objective thought:
- __Thinking that is not influenced by personal qualities, but instead involves facts and numbers that are universally considered true and valid
Explain dialectical thought
-
Dialectical thought:
- __The most advanced cognitive process
- Characterized by the ability to consider both sides and pull out another (third) option
- Dialectical thought makes possible an ongoing awareness of pros and cons, advantages and disadvantages, and possibilities and limitations
Explain cognitive flexibility
-
Cognitive flexibility
- __The ability to accept different points of view
- An understanding that knowledge is dynamic therefore every problem has many different solutions and there is no “right” answer
What does cognitive flexibility help to counteract?
Stereotypes
Explain how to counter stereotypes
- Cognitive flexibility
- Avoid putting people in “boxes” based on their physical appearances
What are some ways to develop postformal thought?
- Have more life experiences
- High educatin
- Exposure to difference cultures
- Traveling
- Having a different variety of jobs
- Being a parent
- Being in different relationships
What does Kohlberg’s 5th moral stage social contract mean?
- Social contract = obeying the rules of society for the benefit of all
- __Example: recycling in order to save the planet
What does Kohlberg’s 6th moral stage universal ethical principles mean?
-
Universal ethical principles:
- __Behaving morally based on personal reflection through throught, prayer, and service
- Ex: Mother Thersa
- __Behaving morally based on personal reflection through throught, prayer, and service
What are the primary reasons for going to college?
- To get a better paying job
- Learn specific new skills
What are the secondary reasons for going to college?
- Gaining a general education
- An appreciation of ideas
What are the possible effects of college on students?
- Better health
- College graduates smoke less, exercise more, and live longer
- Have healthier children
- Have better job prospects
- More likely to be homeowners
- More knowledgeable
- Better verbal and quantiative abilties
- More likely to be married
What is the student population in colleges made up of today?
- More females than males
- More students are older than 24
- More students are parents
- More students attend college part time
- More students work and live off campus
Explain Erikson’s psychosocial stage:
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Identity vs. Role Confusion
- Erikson’s term for the fifth stage of development
- The person tries to figure out “Who am I?” but is confused as to which of the many possible roles to adopt
What are the four main arenas of coping with identity crisis?
- Role confusion
- Foreclosure and negative identity
- Moratorium
- Identity achievement
What are the arenas of identity to achieve?
- Religous/ spiritual identity
- Political identity
- Vocational identity
- Sexual/ gender identity
- Ethnic/racial identity
What are the effects for emerging adults who explore and achieve their ethnic identity?
Emerging adults who explored and achieved their ethnic identify experienced less anger and anxiety
What do emerging adults work on to establish vocational identity?
- Emerging adults go to college, and hold a variety of many jobs
- Vocational identity is an ongoing search
- Few emerging adults feel that they have established vocational/career identity
According to Freud what does one need to do in order to have a happy and meaning life?
- To move and to work
Explain Piaget’s psychosocial stage:
Intimacy vs. Isolation
- Intimacy vs. Isolation
- Adults seek someone with whom to share their lives in an enduring and self sacrificing committment
- Without such committment, they risk profound aloneness and isolation
What are the benefits of friendships?
-
Self expansion
- Friends are chosen
- People seek understanding, tolerance, loyality, affection and humor from one another
How are male and female friendships generally different?
- Women’s friendships are typically more intimate and emotional
- Mene’s friendships are more activity based
- Men are more tolerant in their friendships
- Demand less from their friendships than women
- Have more friends
- Men are more tolerant in their friendships
What are Sternberg’s three distinct aspects of love?
“The Dimensions of Love”
- Passion
- Intimacy
- Committment
Which of the aspects of love are present in the seven forms of love:
Liking
- Intimacy
Which of the aspects of love are present in the seven forms of love:
Infatuation
- Passion
Which of the aspects of love are present in the seven forms of love:
Romantic Love
- Passion
- Intimacy
Which of the aspects of love are present in the seven forms of love:
Companionate Love
- Intimacy
- Committment
Which of the aspects of love are present in the seven forms of love:
Consummate Love/ “Ultimate Love”
- Intimacy
- Passion
- Committment
What is the typical pattern of the three aspects lof love for all types of couples?
- Intimacy
What percent of all adults cohabitate before they are married?
60%
In 2012, what is the average age of marriage for women and men in the USA?
Women age 27
Men age 29
What are the factors that lead to improvement in marriages and long term relationships?
- Maturity
- Good communication
- Financial security (more income or new employment)
- End of addiction or illness
According to Erikson what needs to be resolved until intimacy is possible?
Identity
What are some similarities in relationships that can solidify committment and help to understand one another?
- Similarity tends to solidify committment
- Because similiar people likely understand each other
- Similarities include respect to certain variables such as:
- Attitudes
- Interests
- Goals
- Socioeconomic status
- Religion
- Ethnic background
- Local origin
In happier relationships, what does each partner contribute to the relationship?
- Each has equal shares in the housework and wage earning
- Shared roles
According to Gottman what are the “four horsemen” and which one closes down intimacy and predicts breakups?
- Criticism
- *Contempt (disgust)
- Defensiveness
- Stonewalling
Explain the destructive pattern called “demand/withdrawl interaction”
- A situation in a romantic relationship wherein one partner wants to address an issue and the other refuses
- Resulting in opposite reactions
- One insistent on talk while the other cuts short the conversation
