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PSY 215 > Adolescents > Flashcards

Adolescents Flashcards

1
Q

What is the age range for adolescence?

A

Ages 11-18

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2
Q

What is the definition of puberty?

A
  • Puberty is the years of rapid physical growth and sexual maturation that ends childhood
  • Producing a person of adult size, shape, and sexuality
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3
Q

What is the average age for menarche?

A

12 years & 8 months

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4
Q

What is menarche?

A
  • Menarche is a girl’s first menstrual period
  • Signals that she has begun ovulation
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5
Q

What is the average age for spermache?

A

Under 13 years

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6
Q

What is spermarche?

A
  • Spermarche is a boy’s first ejaculation of sperm
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7
Q

Explain the process of how the body goes through puberty.

A
  • The process begins with an increase in hormones
    • The hormone leves correlate with physiological changes & developments
  • A chain reaction of hormones from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland to the adrenal and sex glands (ovaries or testes)
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8
Q

What does the HPA axis stand for?

A

Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal axis

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9
Q

What is the HPA axis?

A
  • HPA axis = hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis
  • A sequence of hormone production originating in the hypothalamus and moving to the pituitary and then to the adrenal glands
  • Hypothalamus→Pituitary gland →Adrenal glands
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10
Q

What does the HPG axis stand for?

A
  • Hypothalamus- Pituitary gland- Gonad axis
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11
Q

____________ is the time between the first on rush of hormones and full adult physical appearance.

A

Puberty

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12
Q

How long does puberty usually last?

A

Purberty usually lasts three to five years

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13
Q

After puberty does the individual achieve psychosocial maturity?

A

No, it takes many more years aftert puberty to achieve psychosical maturity

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14
Q

What is the function of the HPG axis?

A
  • HPG axis: hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis
  • A sequence of hormone production originating in the hypothalamus and moving to the pituitary gland and then to the gonads (testes or ovaries)
  • Hypothalamus →Pituitary gland →Gonads (ovaries, testes)
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15
Q

What are the kinds of sex hormones in both males and females?

A
  1. Estradoil (chief estrogen)
  2. Testosterone
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16
Q

What kinds of sex hormones are in males?

A
  • Males have both estradoil (chief estrogen) and testosterone but in different quantities.
  • Males have more testosterone and less estradoil (chief estrogen) than females
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17
Q

What kinds of sex hormones are in females?

A
  • Females have both estradoil (chief estrogen) and testosterone but in different quantities.
  • Females have more estradoil (chief estrogren) and less testosterone than males
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18
Q

How does puberty affect the circadian rhythm & sleep of teenagers?

A
  • The cascade of hormones during puberty causes a phase delay in the circadian rhythm
    • Thereby many teens are wide awake and hungry at midnight and half asleep during the day
  • Results in sleep deprivation
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19
Q

What is the average age of puberty for girls and boys?

A
  • Puberty normally begins between ages 8 to 14
  • Most of the physical growth and maturation ends about 4 years after the first sight of puberty
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20
Q

What factors contribute to the timing of puberty?

A
  1. Genetics
  2. Gender
    1. Girls typically start puberty earlier than boys
  3. Body fat
    1. Girls with higher body fat start earlier than girls with lower body fat
    2. Boys with higher body fat start later than boys with lower body fat
  4. Hormones
    1. Controversy over hormones in foods and milk contributing to earlier puberty onset
  5. Stress
    1. High stress correlates to earlier puberty onset
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21
Q

Explain how the adolescent body goes through the growth spurt.

A
  • Each body part increases in size on a schedule:
    • Weight usually precedes height
    • Growth of limbs precedes the growth of the torso
      • Because the torso is the last body part to grow many pubescent children are temporarily big footed, long-legged, and short waisted
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22
Q

Define growth spurt

A
  • The relatively sudden and rapid physcial growth that occurs during puberty
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23
Q

What are changes in the adolescent body that increase endurance in terms of the lungs?

A

Lungs triple in weight making adolescents breathe more deeply and slowly

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24
Q

What are changes in the adolescent body that increase endurance in terms of the heart?

A

The heart doubles in size as the heartbeat slows, decreasing the pusle rate while increasing blood pressure

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25
Q

What are changes in the adolescent body that increase endurance in terms of the blood cells?

A

Red blood cells increase in number

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26
Q

Why are teenagers more prone to sports injuries?

A

Teenagers are prone to more sports injuries because:

  • Their height spurt precedes in muscle mass
  • Less muscle coordination
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27
Q

What is a characteristic of the adolescent brain development?

A
  • The brain develop unevenly during adolescence
  • Myelination and maturation occur in sequence
    • Proceeding from the inner brain to the cortex
    • From back to front
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28
Q

What parts and their functions of the adolescent brain are mature?

A
  • The limbic system is mature during adolescents
    • Limbic system includes the amygdala
      • The site of intense fee and excitement
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29
Q

What are changes in the adolescent body in terms of the lymph system?

A
  • The lymphoid system (including the tonsils and adenoids) gets smaller
  • Making teenagers less susceptible to respiratory ailments
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30
Q

What parts and their function of the adolescent brain is still maturing?

A
  • The prefrontal cortex is still limited in conncetions and enlargement
  • The prefrontal cortex responsible for:
    • planning
    • emotional regulation
    • impulse control
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31
Q

What are some cautions of the developing adolescent brain?

A
  • Adolescents are quick to react
  • Compared to adult brains, adolescent brains show heightened arousal in the brain’s reward centers
    • Teens are more prone to take dramatic risks for peer admiration
  • Many teens are driven by excitement of new experiences, sensations, and peer
    • Forgetting the cautions that their parents tried to instill
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32
Q

What are some benefits of the developing adolescent brain?

A
  • Increased myelination and slower inhibition means:
    • Reactions become faster (great for athletics)
  • The brain’s reward areas activate positve neurotransitters
    • Teenagers become happier
      • Heightens emotions associated with a new love, a first job, a college acceptance, etc.
  • Synaptic growth enhances moral development
    • Teens question their elders
    • Teens forge their own standards
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33
Q

What are primary sex characteristics?

A
  • Primary sex characteristics are the parts of the body that are directly involved in reproduction, including:
    • Vagina
    • Uterus
    • Ovaries
    • Testes
    • Penis
  • By the end of puberty the process of reproduction is possible
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34
Q

What are secondary sex characteristics?

A
  • Secondary sex characteristics are the physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction but that indicate sexual maturity
  • Ex: Man’s broad chest, facial hair (beard), deep voice
  • Ex: Women’s breasts, hourglass shape
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35
Q

How do adolescents think?

A
  • The brain heightens self consciousness resulting in adolescent egocentrism to abstract logic
  • Adolescents are more anxious than people at any other age regarding soical approval
36
Q

What is adolescent egocentrism?

A
  • Adolescent egocentrism- a characteristic of adolescent thinking that leads young people (ages 10 to 13) to focus on themselves to the exclusion of others
    • _​_Adolescents regards themselves are much more unique, special, and admired or disliked than they actually are
37
Q

What are the three components of egocentrism?

A
  1. Imaginary audience
  2. Personal fables
  3. Invincibility fables
38
Q

Define imaginary audience

A
  • Imaginary audience is a component of egocentrism
  • The adolescent believes that they are the center of attention, with all eyes on them, and they imagine how others might reach to their appearance and behavior
    • This belief makes many teenagers self conscious
39
Q

Define personal fable

A
  • Personal fable is a component of egocentrism
  • An aspect of adolescent egocentrism characterized by an adolescent’s belief that his or her thoughts, feelings, and experiences are more unique, more wonderful, or more awful than anyone else’s
40
Q

Define invincibility fable

A
  • An adolescent’s egocentric conviction that he or she cannot be overcome or even harmed by anything that might defeat a normal moral, such as:
    • Unprotected sex
    • Drugs
    • High speed driving
41
Q

Define Piaget’s Cognitive Stage”

Formal Operational Thought

A
  • Piaget’s fourth and final stage of cognitive development
    • Formal operational thought is characterized by more systematic logical thinking and by the ability to understand and systematically manipulate abstract concepts
42
Q
A
43
Q

According to Piaget adolescents move past _________ thinking and consider ________,

A
  • Concrete operational thought
  • Abstractions
44
Q

Piaget considers abstractions to include:

A
  • Assumptions that have no necessary relation to reality
45
Q

Define hypothetical thought

A
  • Hypothetical thought is reasoning that includes propositions and possibilities that may not reflect reality
  • Ex:
    • If all mammals can walk,
    • An whales are mammals,
    • Can whales walk?
46
Q

________________ thought is the capacity to think of possiblity, not just reality.

A

Formal operational

47
Q

What is deductive reasoning?

A
  • Deductive reasoning:
    • Reasoning from a general statement, premise, or principle
    • Through logical steps
    • In order to figure out (deduce) specifics
  • Obtaining a general principle through application, example, hypoethetical case, extension, and test case
48
Q

Obtaining a general principle through application, example, hypoethetical case, extension, and test case is what type of reasoning?

A

Deductive reasoning

49
Q

Consists of observations, past experiences, and ideas from authority to lead to a general conclusion is what type of reasoning?

A

Inductive reasoning

50
Q

Define inductive reasoning

A
  • Inductive reasoning
    • Reasoning from one or more specific experiences or facts
    • To reach (induce) a general conclusion
51
Q

What is intuitive thought?

A
  • Intuitive thought
    • At thought that arises from an emotion or hunch
      • Beyond rational explanation
    • Is influenced by past experiences and cultural assumptions
52
Q

What is the type of thought at arises from an emotion or hunch and is influenced by past experiences and cultural assumptions?

A

Intuitive thought

53
Q

Define analytic thought

A
  • Analytic thought
    • Thought that results from analysis
      • Such as systematic ranking of pros and cons, risks and consequences, possibilities and facts
    • Analytic thought depends on logic and rationality
54
Q

What type of thought depends on logic and rationality and results from analysis?

A

Analytic thought

55
Q

What is analysis?

A
  • A systematic ranking of:
    • Pros and cons
    • Risks and consequences
    • Possibilities and facts
56
Q

What type of thought are adolescents using more of?

A
  • Intuitive thoughts
57
Q

Define Freud’s Genital stage

A
  • Freud’s stage of adolescences in which:
    • The genitals are the focus of pleasurable sensations, and the young person seeks sexual stimulation and satisfaction in heterosexual relationships
  • Freud believed at the genital stage lasts throught adulthood
    • Also said that the goal of a healthy life is “to love and to work”
58
Q

Define Erikson’s Identity vs. Role Confusion

A
  • Identity vs. Role Confusion
    • _​_Erikson’s term for the fifth stage of development
    • In which the person tries to figure out “Who am I” but is confused to which of many possible roles to adopt
59
Q

Define Erikson’s identity achievement

A
  • Identity achievement
    • _​_Erikson’s term for the attainment of identity or the point at which a person understands who he or she is a unique individual, in accord with past experiences and future plans
60
Q

What are Marcia’s four ways to cope with identity crisis?

A
  1. Role confusion
  2. Foreclosure & negative identity
  3. Moratorium
  4. Identity achievement
61
Q

What is role confusion in terms to Marcia’s identity crisis coping?

A
  • Role confusion
    • _​_A situation in which an adolescent does not seem to know or care what his or her identity is
    • Sometimes called identity or role diffusion
  • Emphasizes that some adolescents seem diffuse, unfocused, or unconcerned about their future
62
Q

What is foreclosure in terms to Marcia’s identity crisis coping?

A
  • Foreclosure
    • _​_Erikson’s terms for premature identity formation
      • _​_Which occurs when an adolescent adopts parents’ or society’s roles and values wholesale
      • Without questioning or analysis
63
Q

What is negative identity in terms to Marcia’s identity crisis coping?

A
  • Negative identity
    • _​_The direct opposite of whatever their parents want
    • Without thoughtful questioning
    • Oppositional foreclosure
64
Q

What is moratorium in terms to Marcia’s identity crisis coping?

A
  • Moratorium
    • _​_An adolescent’s choice of a socially acceptable way to postpone making identity-achievement decisions
  • Good example of moratorium is going to college
65
Q

What are the arenas of identity achievment?

A
  • Religious/ Spiritual Identity
  • Political Identity
  • Vocational Identity
  • Sexual/ Gender Identity
  • Ethnic/ Racial Identity
66
Q

Define gender identity

A
  • Gender identity is a person’s acceptance of the roles and behaviors that society associates with the biological categories of males and females
67
Q

What is the typical relationship like between parent and teenager?

A
  • Relationships are pivotal (not always peaceful)
68
Q

Why the relationship between parents and teenagers pivotal?

A
  • Disputes are common because the adolescent’s drive for independence clashing with the parents’ desire to maintain control
69
Q

Which style of parenting is more effective with teenagers?

A

Authoritative parenting

70
Q

What does authoritative parenting entail?

A
  • Authoritative parenting
    • Set limits but are flexible
    • Encourage maturity
      • Usually listen and forgive (not punish) if the child falls short
    • Consider themselves guides
      • not authorities (authoritarian parents)
      • not friends (permissive parents)
71
Q

What are the benefits of parent-child communication and encouragment?

A
  • Children grow up to be adults who are:
    • Successful
    • Articulate
    • Happy with themselves
    • Generous with others
  • These children are usually liked by teachers and peers
72
Q

What are the four aspects of family closeness?

A
  1. Communication
    1. Do family members talk openly with one another?
  2. Support
    1. Do they rely on one another?
  3. Connectedness
    1. How emotionally close are they?
  4. Control
    1. Do parents encourage or limit adolescent autonomy?
73
Q

Which of the four aspects of family closeness are most helpful?

A
  • Communication
  • Support
74
Q

What is parental monitoring?

A
  • Parental monitoring
    • _​​​_Parents’ ongoing awareness of what their children are doing, where, and with whom
75
Q

What are the benefits of parental monitoring?

A
  • When parental knowledge is the result of a warm, supportive relationship adolescents are likely to become confident, well educated adults, who avoid drugs and risky sex
76
Q

Who can be adult mentors?

A
  • Other relative and non-relatives
77
Q

What role can adult mentors play in an adolescent’s life?

A
  • Help the adolescent through their identity crisis
    • Clergy can affect a young person’s faith
    • Political leaders can mold values
    • School counselors can influence vocational aspirations
    • Adults in satisfying sexual relationships can be role models
78
Q

What are some benefits of peers?

A

Many adolescents rely on friends of both sexes to help them with concerns and trouble of the teen years

  • Peers to help navigate the physical changes of puberty
  • Help with the intellecutal challenges of high school
  • Help wth the social changes of leaving childhood
79
Q

What are some risks associated with peers?

A
  • Drug use
  • Breaking the law
  • Unprotected, risky sex
  • Risky activities
80
Q

What age are adolescents suspectible to peer pressure?

A

Age 14

81
Q

What is peer pressure?

A
  • Peer Pressure
    • _​_Encouragement to conform to one’s friends or contemporaries in behavior, dress, and attitude
    • Usually considered a negative force
      • As when adolescent peers encourage one another to defy adult authority
82
Q

How do teenagers choose friends?

A
  • Teenagers select friends whose values and interests they share, and abandoning former friends who follow other paths
83
Q

How can social networking be helpful for teens?

A
  • Serves as a lifeline for teenagers who are isolated because of their sexual orientation, culture, religion, or native language
  • Online resources are available for teens struggling with depression, addition, etc.
84
Q

How can social networking be hurtful to teens?

A
  • Addiction to the internet
  • Cyberbullying
  • Sexting
85
Q

How do teenagers learn about sex education?

A
  • Media (TV, movies, Internet)
  • Educators (high school)
  • Parents
  • Peers

Note: the media and peers is the most common sources for teens to get sex information, even if its not accurate

PSY 215 (3 decks)

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