Emergency Procedures Flashcards
What is a spin?
Where one wing is more stalled than the other
Describe several flight situations where an unintentional spin may occur
Engine failure on takeoff during climb out - stretching glide leading to stall while turning back onto the runway
Crossed controlled turn from base to final - Uncoordinated turn at low speeds
Engine failure on approach to landing - stretch glide to land on runway
Go around with excessive nose-up trim - Applying go-around power with full landing configuration without the appropriate use of rudder
Go around with improper flap retraction - reducing flaps too early
Note: Just lists of general stall stations - stalls are required for spins
What is the recommended procedure for recovery from a spin?
PARE
Note: Refer to POH for reference
What does an aft center of gravity do to an aircraft’s spin characteristics?
Harder spin recovery, could reach a point where a flat spin occurs making it impossible to recover
What load factor is present in a spin?
Minimal load factor; low airspeed and is pivoting around CG rather than turning
Discuss the use of an emergency checklist
Need to be sufficiently familiar with the checklist (see memorization items) to take immediate action, once time permits a full checklist should be applied
Note: Make sure emergency checklist is readily available at any given time
What procedures should be followed concerning a partial loss of power in flight?
ABCD
In the event of a complete engine failure on takeoff, what procedure is recommended?
(Before rotation)
Throttle - idle
Apply full brakes
Retract flaps
Mixture - cut off
Ignition - off
Master - off
If an engine failure occurs immediately after takeoff, what procedure is recommended?
(After rotation)
Airspeed - 70 IAS
Mixture - cut off
Fuel shutoff - off
Flaps - as needed
Ignition - off
Masters - off
What is the recommended procedure to be followed for an engine failure while en route?
(ABCD)
Airspeed - 68
Fuel shutoff - on
Fuel pump - on
Mixture - rich
Fuel selector - both
Ignition - Both; Start if prop has stopped
Master - on
Fuel pump - off
What is the recommended power-off gliding speed in an engine out procedure?
68 KIAS at 2,550 lbs
After experiencing an engine failure immediately after takeoff (before safe maneuvering altitude), why is it usually inadvisable to attempt a landing on the runway you have just depart from?
Not enough altitude to make a 180-degree turn + 45 degrees to angle towards the runway; at an average descent rate of 500 ft/min and a standard rate turn of 1 min to turn 180 degrees
Explain the approximate altitude loss and factors to consider, when maneuvering an airplane that has just taken off, experienced an engine failure at 300 feet AGL, and is attempting to turn back on the departure runway
Not enough altitude to make a 180-degree turn + 45 degrees to angle towards the runway; at an average descent rate of 500 ft/min and a standard rate turn of 1 min to turn 180 degrees. Other considerations include reaction time of situation, wind/ground speed, load factor if greater than standard rate of turn
If an engine failure has occurred while en route and a forced landing is imminent, what procedures should be followed?
ABCD
Immediately before touchdown in a forced landing procedure, what items should be completed?
68 KIAS
Mixture - cutoff
Fuel shutoff - off
Seatbelts/harnesses
Flaps - as needed
Masters - off
Ignition - off
Unlatch doors
Protect body
Touchdown with as little airspeed as possible - critical to engine cabin integrity above all else for best survival chances
In an engine failure situation, what glide ratio will be obtained if best glide airpseed is maintained?
8:1 ratio (8 forward for ever 1 loss of altitude)
If a forced landing is imminent, should the landing gear be left up, or down and locked?
Depends on the situation; likely want the gear down to help absorb the impact but will expose the plane to more damage, water landings would advise to have the gears up to reduce asymmetric drag on touchdown
If an engien failure has occurred while over water, and you are beyond power off landing distance to land, what procedures should be followed?
Same as land but consider:
Landing parallel if light winds, otherwise landing into the wind
Touchdown as level as possible
Low wing aircraft will typically float and slowly sink; high wing will want to roll over
What is detonation?
Explosive ignition of the air-fuel mixture; causes excessive temperatures and pressures leading to engine failure. Typically caused by high cylinder head temperatures and high power settings
What are some of the most common operational causes of detonation?
Lower grade fuel than specified
High manifold pressure with low rpm
High power setting with overly lean mixture
Extended ground operations or steep climbs where cooling is reduced
What action should be taken if detonation is suspected?
Ensure right fuel grade is used
Use cowl flaps during ground operations
Enrich mixture turning takeoff and initial climb and a shallower bank angle
Avoid extended high power, steep climbs
Develop habit of monitoring engine instruments
Note: Reduce cylinder head temps but increasing airflow or fuel mixture
What is preignition?
Fuel air mixture ignites before normal ignition event; usually caused by hot spots. Causes reduced engine lower and high operating temperatures
What actions should be taken if preignition is suspected?
Use of correct grade of fuel
Operating temperature, pressure, and rpm within the proper range
If the engine begins to run rough when flying through heavy rain, what action should be taken?
Alternative induction air if available
Are there any special considerations necessary when using the auxiliary pump after an engine-driven fuel pump failure?
For high wing aircraft gravity is usually enough for straight and level flight and descends, use of electric pump should be considered during climbs or fuel pressure falls below 0.5 PSI
What operating procedure could be used to minimize spark plug fouling?
Use of proper mixture settings
During a cross-country flight you notice that the oil pressure is low, but the oil temperature is normal. What is the problem and what action should be taken?
There could be a number of causes, but as long as the oil temperature remains normal then sufficient oil is still going thru the engine. It is advisable to land at the nearest airport regardless
If the loss of oil pressure occurs accompanied by a rising oil temperature, what is indicated?
Not enough oil is being supplied to the engine and engine failure is imminent. Reduce throttle and find a suitable landing area immediately
What procedure should be folowed if an engine fire develops on the ground during start?
If engine starts - Increase power to a higher rpm for a few moments then shutoff engine
If engine does not start - set throttle to full, mixture off, continue to crank the engine to put out fire by vacuum
If fire continues - obtain fire extinguisher; masters off; ignition off; fuel shutoff off; use fire extinguisher
What procedure should be followed if an engine fire develops in flight?
Throttle - closed
Mixture - cutoff
Fuel shutoff - off
Aux fuel pump - off
Master - off
Cabin heat and air - off
Airspeed 100 KIAS or higher to extinguish
Land ASAP
What procedure should be followed if an electrical fire develops inside the aircraft?
All electrical devices + master - off
Close vents, cabin heat, cabin air
Avionics - off
Use fire extinguisher
Note: Keep ignition switch on
What troubleshooting procedure should be followed in determining the cause of an electrical fire that is not readily apparent?
After fire has been extinguish
Master - on (if critical)
Turn on one essential electrical device at a time
Reset circuit breakers only if critical otherwise leave them
What procedure should be followed if a cabin fire develops in flight?
Typically caused by electrical fire so follow electrical fire checklist otherwise refer to the POH
What procedure should be followed if a wing fire develops in flight?
Shutoff wing-related electrical equipment (i.e. lights, pitot heat)
Slide slip to avoid flames reaching the cabin area
Note: Load factor limits may be compromised due to weaken wing structure from the fire
What are the two main categories of aircraft icing?
Structural - Icing on aircraft surfaces
Induction - Icing on the engine’s intake
Name the three types of structural ice that may occur in flight
Clear Icing - Clear in nature, slowly builds up
Rime Icing - Milky white in nature, freezes on impact
Mixed Icing - Mix of both clear and rime ice
Note: Clear ice usually occurs when it’s -10C or warmer while rime ice happens when it’s colder than -15C, mixed in between those temperatures
What is necessary for structural icing to occur?
Visible water
Freezing temperature on contact (low pressures causes temperature drops in addition to ambient temperature)
Describe the types of icing found in stratiform clouds, and the types found in cumuliform clouds
Stratiform clouds - Rime and mix icing found; confined on average to a layer of 3,000 to 4,000 ft but covers an extended area
Cumuliform clouds - Typically clear or mixed; usually cover a defined area but not confined within a specific altitude
During your preflight planning, what type of meteoroglocial information should you be aware of with respect to icing?
Location of fronts - location, type, speed, and direction of movement
Cloud layers - bases and tops (reference PIREPs and area forecast)
Freezing levels - determine how to avoid icing and exit icing conditions
Air temperature and pressure - Icing found around low pressure areas at temperature at or near freezing
What is the definition of the term freezing level and how can you determine where that level is?
Freezing level is the lowest altitude at a given location where the air reaches 0C
Can use freezing level charts, GFA, PIREPs, AIRMETs, SIGMETs, surface analysis chart, low level significant weather chart, winds aloft, and any other relevant weather product
What action is recommended if you inadvertently encounter icing conditions?
Either leave the area of visible moisture or find an area above freezing
Note: Whatever action is taken make an immediate decision
If you encounter in flight icing, and ATC asks you to report your conditions, what are the official reportable icing values that you are expected to use?
Trace, light, moderate, severe
If icing has been inadvertently encountered, how would your landing approach procedure be different?
Higher and faster than normal
Use of flaps not recommended
Avoid a missed approach
Which type of precipitation will produce the most hazardous icing conditions?
Freezing rain; produces the greatest amount of ice accumulation in a short period of time
Does the stall warning system have any protection from ice?
No unless aircraft is equiped
What causes carburetor icing and what are the first indications of its presence?
The drop in pressure as air passes thru the venturi of the carburetor causes cooling of the mixture; excess moisture will be deposited as frost or ice if the temperature reaches freezing levels.
First indication is the loss of rpm for fixed pitch prop planes or drop in manifold pressure if constant speed prop planes
What conditions are favorable for carburetor icing?
Below 70F (21C) and above 80% humidity but may occur as high as 100F (38C) and 50% humidity
Note: Temperature drops as much as 70-60F inside the carburetor
If an airplane has anti-icing and/or deicing equipment installed, can it be flown into icing conditions?
Not necessarily; refer to POH to find out if aircraft can be flown into known icing conditions and limitations
A pilot flying an aircraft certified for flight in known icing (FIKI) should be aware of a phenomenon known as roll upset. What is roll upset?
Roll upset is the uncommanded and uncontrolled roll caused by severe in-flight icing causing airflow separation (aerodynamic stall) which self-deflects the ailerons with degraded roll stability characteristics, especially by ice accumulation behind the boot area of the wing
What is the recommended recover procedure for a roll upset?
Reduce AOA by increasing airspeed; roll wings level if in a turn
Set appropriate power and monitor speed and AOA (a controlled descend is much more favorable than an uncontrolled descent)
If flaps extended do not retract unless upper wing surface can be cleared of ice (increased AOA otherwise)
Verify wing ice protection if functioning normally by visually observing both wings
What is meant by decompression?
The inability to maintain the designed aircraft cabin pressure
What are the three types of decompression?
Explosive decompression - Cabin pressure decreases faster than the lungs can decompress (occurs in less than half a second); can only be caused by structural damage or door popping
Rapid decompression - Lungs decompress faster than the cabin pressure; period of useful consciousness is severely reduced
Gradual or slow decompression - Cabin pressure decreases at a rate so slow that the cabin crew may not be aware; effects of hypoxia slowly take hold; caused by small leaks within the pressure vessel
What are the dangers of decompression?
Hypoxia
Tossed of blown out of the airplane (only at higher altitudes)
Decompression sickness (nitrogen bubbles in the blood)
Exposure to wind blasts and extreme cold
When would an emergency decent procedure be necessary?
Maneuver for descending as rapidly as possible, within structural limits, to a lower altitude for an emergency landing
What procedure should be followed in establishing an emergency descent?
Refer to POH
Power - idle
Max drag (full flaps, gear down, prop fine pitch)
Establish 30 or 45 degree bank
What standards are you expected to maintain when demonstrating an emergency descent?
Clear the area
Establish proper airspeed
Demonstrate proper planning and execution
Use bank angle of 30 or 45 degree
Maintain airspeed +0/-10 knots and level off at +/- 100 ft
Complete appropriate checklist
What instruments are affected when the pitot tube freezes?
Pitot tube blocked but drain clear - Airspeed stays at 0
Pitot tube and drains blocked - airspeed acts as altitmeter; high in climb, low in descent
What instruments are affected when the static port freezes?
Airspeed indicator - with functioning pitot port airspeed would indicate slower when climbing and faster when descending
Altimeter - stuck at whichever altitude port was forzen
VSI - indicate level flight
Does the pitot system have any protection from ice?
Pitot heat; consists of heating element within pitot tube, switch, 10 amp circuit breaker
What corrective action is needed if the pitot tube freezes? If the static port freezes?
Pitot - turn pitot heat on
Static - use alternate air; break the face of a static instrument (VSI or ASI)
What indications should you expect while using alternate air?
If alternate source is within the cabin where static pressure is usually lower than outside:
Altimeter - higher than actual
Airspeed - higher than actual
VSI - momentary climb then stabilize
Note: Refer to POH for more info
What instruments may be relied upon in the event of a complete vacuum system failure while operating in instrument meteorological conditions?
Turn and slip/turn coordinator - bank info
Magnetic compass - bank info
Airpeed - pitch info
Altimeter - pitch info
VSI - pitch info
Is there a backup system available if the engine driven vacuum pump were to fail?
Depends on the aircraft see POH
What recommended procedure should be used in resetting a tripped circuit breaker?
Not be reset unless stated in a checklist or in the judgement of the PIC is necessary for completion of safe flight
Note: Repeated resetting can lead to further circuit damage, component damage, or lead to fire or explosion
Interpret the follwing ammeter indications
Positive
Negative
+
After starting - Battery being recharged after draining from starting; if full scale charge is indicated after 1 min then starter likely still engaged
During flight - Faulty voltage regulator causing over charging
-
After starting - Normal during start otherwise alternator not functioning or overloaded system and battery is not charging
During flight - Alternator not functioning or overload in system; battery to charging
What action should be taken if the ammeter indicates a continuous discharge (left needle) while in flight?
Alternator not working; check all switches are on, cycle alt switch, if problem prosists:
Alt switch off, pull circuit breaker
All nonessential electrical equipment powered off
Terminate flight and land asap
What action should be taken if the ammeter indicates a continuous charge (right needle) while in flight (more than two needle widths)?
Excessive charge would destroy the battery electronics subject to overvoltage which a sensor should detect and apply the checklist including:
Alt switch off, pull circuit breaker
All nonessential electrical equipment off
Terminate flight and land asap
If the low voltage warning light illuminates, what has occurred?
Light with the ammeter showing a discharge could mean system load is greater than the alternator (low rpm ground ops) or alternator has been shut off (shutdown procedure or overvoltage was detected)
If a positive gear down indication is not received, what action is recommended first?
Use the appropriate checklist which may include
Master - on
Landing gear and gear pump breakers in
Landing gear light test
Use another operating bulb if one is burnt out
What recommended procedure should be used if the landing gear fails to restrict after takeoff?
Use the appropriate checklist which may include
Masters - on
Land gear level - up
Landing gear and gear pump breakers in
Landing gear light test
Recycle landing gear lever
Check for gear motor operation by examining ammeter and listening for noise
Note: If you can hear gear running 1 min after gear up then pop gear pump circuit breaker and reset when needed for landing
How is the emergency gear extension system operated?
Hand pump; see POH for location
What is the recommended procedure if the landing gear will not extend normally?
Use the appropriate checklist including
Master - on
Landing gear lever - down
Landing gear and gear pump circuit on
Use emergency hand pump until heavy resistance encountered
Gear down light - on
Secure pump handle
What procedure should be followed if a pilot does not receive a positive indication of the gear down and locked?
Attempt to extend the gear manually, if unsuccessful prepare for a gear up landing. Use the appropriate checklist including
Complete before landing checklist
Normal approach and configuration
Landing gear and gear pump circuit in
Initiate low tail landing
Use minimal braking
Taxi slowly
Shutdown and inspect gear
What is the recommended procedure in dealing with a flat main landing gear tire?
Normal approach and configuration
Touchdown with good tire first and keep aircraft off flat tire for as long as possible
Use braking on good wheel as required to maintain directional control
What is the recommended procedure to follow if the nose gear is unsafe or the tire is flat?
Complete before landing checklist
Shift as much weight to the rear as possible (cargo and passengers)
Flaps normal
Unlatch all doors
Once committed to landing set avionics and masters off
Initiate slightly tail low landing
Mixture - idle
Ignition - off
Fuel selector - off
Hold nose off for as long as possible
After landing evacuate aircraft
Why should taxiing on a slush, snow, or ice covered taxiway in a retractable gear airplane be avoided?
Thawing conditions can pick up mud and slush into the wheel wells and then freeze again adversely affecting the landing gear system; cycling gear after takeoff may help but best to avoid such conditions
What is an asymmetrical flap emergency?
One flap deploys or retracts while the other remains in position
What procedure should be followed in an asymmetrical flap emergency?
Apply opposite aileron and rubber, likely full deflection is required; land with higher than normal airspeed to avoid stalling
What procedure should be followed if loss of elevator control occurs?
Extend landing gear
Flaps - 10
Trim for level flight
Use throttle and elevator trim to establish 70 knots (slow flight)
Only use throttle control pitch; only during landing flare apply full nose up trim and cut the throttle at the moment of touchdown
What procedure should be followed if a cabin door accidentally opens in flight?
Establish straight and level flight
Trim for 80 KIAS
Open a window
Momentarily push door out and then pull in and lock
What procedure should be followed if a baggage door opens in flight?
Do not attempt to close; by design door should remained closed while in flight
What two factors should be considered in choosing the type of survival equipment to carry for a flight over an uninhabited area?
Type of climate
Type of terrain
What additional equipment is required if an aircraft is operated for hire over water and beyond power off gliding distance from shore? 91.205
Flotation equipment readily available for each occupant and at least one pyrotechnic signaling device
What do you have in the aircraft that can be used to aid in survival?
Compass
Gas - fire
Oil - smoke signal
Seat upholstery - extremity clothing
Wiring - string
Battery - ignitor
