Emergency Pharmacology Flashcards
Drugs
Foreign substances placed into body
Medications
Drugs or chemicals used to diagnose, treat, and prevent disease
Pharmacology
Study of drugs and their actions on the body
Main sources of drugs
Plants, animals, minerals, and laboratory (synthetic)
Schedule I Description
-High abuse potential
-May lead to severe dependence
-No accepted medical indications
-Used for research, analysis, and instruction only
Schedule II Description
-High abuse potential
-May lead to severe dependence
-Accepted medical indications
Schedule III Description
-Less abuse potential than I and II
-May lead to moderate/low physical dependence or high psych dependence
-Accepted medical indications
Schedule IV Description
-Low abuse potential compared to III
-Limited psych and/or physical dependence
-Accepted medical indications
Schedule V
-Lower abuse potential than IV
-May lead to limited physical or psych dependence
-Accepted medical indications
Six Rights of Medication Administration
- Right medication
- Right dose
- Right time
- Right route
- Right patient
- Right documentation
Pregnancy Risk Categories
A–>D and X
Sliding scale least risk A to highest risk to fetus X
Pharmacokinetics
How drugs transported into and out of body
Pharmacodynamics
Drug effects once they reach target issues
Biotransformation
Metabolism of drugs
Parenteral (definition)
Routes of medication administration into body without going through the digestive tract
Enteral (definition)
Administration of a drug via the GI tract
Agonist
Binds to receptor site, cause it to initiate expected response
Antagonist
Binds to site, do not cause receptor to initiate expected response
Duration of action
Length of time amount of drug remains effective
Termination of action
Drug’s level drops below minimum effective concentration
Therapeutic index
Drug’s margin of safety
Analgesic
Medication that relieves sensation of pain
Analgesia
Absence of sensation of pain
Anesthesia
Absence of all sensation
Parkinson’s Disease
Nervous disorder caused by destruction of dopamine-releasing neurons in substantial nigra (controlling fine movements)
Pharmacological therapy for Parkinson’s Disease
Restore balance of dopamine and acetylcholine
(Levodopa, sinemet)
Cholinergic
Synapses that use acetylcholine as neurotransmitter
Adrenergic
Synapses that use norepinephrine as neurotransmitter
Cranial Nerves
- Ooh– Olfactory
- Ooh– Optic
- Ooh– Oculomotor
- To– Trochlear
- Touch– Trigeminal
- And– Abducens
- Feel– Facial
- Very– Vestibulocochlear (Auditory)
- Good– Glossopharyngeal
- Velvet– Vagus
- Such– Spinal Accessory
- Heaven– Hypoglossal
Stimulation of Parasympathetic NS=
-Pupillary constriction
-Reduced HR/Cardiac contractile force
-Secretion by digestive glands
-Bronchoconstriction
Parasympathetic System ACh Receptors
Nicotinic- Nicotine is agonist
Muscarinic- Muscarine (toxic alkaloid found in some mushrooms) is agonist
Muscarinic Symptoms
Red as a beet, blind as a bat, dry as a bone, mad as a hatter
SLUDGE
ANS Reactions
Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Defecation
GI motility
Emesis
Parasympatholytic Medications
Atropine- Indicated for bradychardia, antidote for organophosphate poisoning, premedication for RSI
Ipratropium Atrovent- Indicated for bronchospasm associated with lung disease (asthma, COPD)
These selectively block muscarinic receptors inhibiting parasympathetic stimulation
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
Succinylcholine Anectine- Indicated for RSI. Depolarizing neuromuscular blocker
Vecuronium Norcuron- Indicated for RSI. Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocker.
Rocuronium Zemuron- Indicated for RSI. Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocker.
Stimulation of Sympathetic NS=
-Stimulation of secretion by sweat glands
-Constriction of blood vessels in skin
-Increase in blood flow to skeletal muscles
-Increase in HR and cardiac contractility
-Bronchodilation
-Stimulation of energy production
Adrenergic Receptors (four types)
Alpha 1 and 2
Beta 1-3
Sympathomimetics
Stimulate sympathetic NS
Sympatholytics
Inhibit sympathetic NS
Normal Saline vs. Lactated Ringers for hypovolemia. What is the advantage of using LR?
LR helps decrease acidosis in a hypovolemic pt.
