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Russian History > Emergence of Communist Dictatorship 1917-41 > Flashcards

Emergence of Communist Dictatorship 1917-41 Flashcards

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1
Q

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

A

March 1918. Suing for peace with Central Powers.
3/4 of coal and iron ore handed over
1/3 of land lost
1/6 of population lost

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2
Q

How were the Bolsheviks divided over the war?

A

Lenin wanted immediate peace, while Bukharin wanted to continue the war.

Trotsky came up with ‘neither peace nor war’, and when that failed they sued for peace.

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3
Q

When was the ban on factions introduced?

A

1921
10th Party Congress

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4
Q

When was the ‘nomenklatura’ system established?

A

1923

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5
Q

How was the voting system weighted under the 1918 constitution?

A

5:1 workers-to-peasants ratio. Members of the ‘exploiting classes’ could not vote or hold public office.

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6
Q

When were the banks nationalised

A

December 1917

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7
Q

Legacy of the Constituent Assembly

A

Dissolved after one day by Lenin. Protestors were shot killing 12

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8
Q

Which proletarian revolutions failed in Europe?

A

Spartacists in Germany, and Bela Kun reigme in Hungary

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9
Q

Legacy of the Petrograd Soviet

A

Sidelined in favour of Sovnarkom, and eventually dissolved

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10
Q

Kronstadt

A

Sailors previously praised as heroes by Bolsheviks revolted against the regime over NEP, and were put down by Trotsky’s Red Army

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11
Q

What triggered the Red Terror

A

Fanny Kaplan trying to assassinate Lenin.

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12
Q

Georgian Affair

A

Decree on Nationalities (1917) should have let Georgia get independence, but after the Civil War, the Commissar of Nationalities (Stalin) violently crushed a Georgian attempt at independencein 1922, which Lenin opposed

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13
Q

How were the Mensheviks defeated?

A

Julius Martov fled the country, 5000 counter-revolutionaries arrested, power outlets for the Mensheviks (soviets, constituent assembly, provgov) sidelined

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14
Q

How were the SRs defeated?

A

After Left-SRs left coalition over Brest-Litovsk they revolted and occupied the Cheka HQ, taking Dzerzhinsky hostage. Imprisoned SRs were show trialedm, 11 executed and SRs outlawed. Power bases (Consitutent assembly and ProvGov) disbanded.

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15
Q

How did Lenin secure Bolshevik power

A

Propaganda campaign
Closure of anti-Bolshevik newspapers
Purge of civil service
Establishment of Cheka
Kadets, Right-SRs and Mensheviks arrested

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16
Q

Russian word for bourgeoisie

A

burzhui

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17
Q

Why was the Bolshevik government shaky?

A

Civil servants refused to join them, bankers wouldn’t give them finance (caved in under threat of armed intervention), commuication and railway workers went on strike in protest of the establishment of a one-party-state

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18
Q

Lenin’s Sovnarkom (1917)

A

Chairman - Lenin
Cheka Chairman - Felix Dzerzhinsky
Foreign Affairs - Trotsky
Nationalities - Stalin
Social Welfare - Alexandra Kollontai (woman)
Internal Affairs - Rykov

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19
Q

Early decrees of Bolshevik state (Oct-Dec)

A

October:
Ban on opposition press
Decree on peace
Decree on land

November:
Decree on nationalities
Decree on workers’ control
End of gender discrimination

December:
Establishment of Cheka
Banks nationalised
Marriage and divorce nationalised

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20
Q

1918 Constitution

A

RSFSR proclaimed
Supreme power rests with Congress of Soviets
Congress elects Sovnarkom (in reality chosen by party CentCom)
Votes reserved for ‘toiling masses’, ‘exploiting classes’ (buzhui, clergy, tsarist officials) not given voting rights
Centralised and party-focused state structure

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21
Q

Why did Entente support Whites

A

Capitalists didn’t want communist states
Wanted to get Russia back in the fight
Bolsheviks were going to cancel their debts and nationalise factories Entente invested in

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22
Q

What sparked the Civil War?

A

Czechoslovak Legion were travelling along Trans-Siberian. Bolsheviks tried to stop this and arrest the legion (failed). Legion captured the railway, joined with anti-Bolshevik army and marched on Moscow.

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23
Q

Why did the Reds win the Civil War

A

Reds commanded industrial areas, communication hubs and densely populated cities. Whites were in sparsely populated and less-industrialised areas.

White generals operated independently and fought for different reasons. Reds had a united command structure.

Red Army was well-disciplined under Trotsky’s leadership. Whites were ill-disciplined and had imcompetant leaders.

Bolshevik policies were more popular with the people than the White’s associations with old tsarist oppression, so more support.

Foreign involvement gave the Reds more backing propaganda wise. Foreign involvement wernt away after WW1 ended

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24
Q

Civil war casualties

A

10 million

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25
Q

Forces in the Civil War

A

Reds (Bolsheviks)
Whites (Anti-Bolshevik coalition)
Greens (Peasants)
Makhnovites (Anarchists)
Nationalists (Poles and Baltic states)

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26
Q

How did Russia lose Poland

A

Treaty of Riga ended Polish-Soviet War after Miracle on the Vistula. Gave them Galicia and parts of Belarus.

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27
Q

Effects on centralisation post-Civil War

A

Soviets sidelined for CentCom
Local soviets could only contain party members
Democratic Centralism
General Secretary position established
Politburo influence grew
Harsher on minority nationalities

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28
Q

Communist Party structure

A

Politburo - 7-9 people, held the most power
Central Committee - Debate and vote on party policy

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29
Q

USSR Government structureq

A

Sovnarkom - 20 commissars, cabinet
Central Committee of Soviets - Elected from soviets

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30
Q

1922 Constitution

A

USSR established
Abandoned earlier support for self-determination
Federalism

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31
Q

Economic stages under Lenin

A

War Communism (1917-1921)
New Economic Policy (1921-28)

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32
Q

Lenin quote on electrification

A

“Soviets plus electrification equals communism”

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33
Q

.

A

.

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34
Q

Veshenka

A

Central planning agency, 1917-32. Council of the National Economy

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35
Q

How much were the bread rations in Petrograd by Feb 1918?

A

50g

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36
Q

What was the first industry to be nationalised?

A

Sugar, in May 1918

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37
Q

By how much did Russia’s population fall between 1913 and 1921?

A

Down 40m

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38
Q

How much land was abandoned to grass during war communism?

A

1/3 of it

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39
Q

When did Lenin die?

A

January 1924

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40
Q

Lenin’s Testament

A

Letter to be read after his death to the party Congress. Did not nominate a successor. Criticised much of the Politburo, namely Zinoviev, Kamenev, Bukharin, Trotsky and especially Stalin. Party decided not to publish it as it was critical of them.

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41
Q

Who was Trotsky

A

Lev Bronstein (aka Leon Trotsky). Jewish Bolshevik, originally a Menshevik but switched allegiances in 1917. Military and organisational genius. Created the Red Army, hero of civil war. “most able” man in CentCom according to Lenin. Believed in spreading the revolution abroad. Driving force behind NEP. After Lenin’s death he was ousted by Stalin, sentenced to death in show trial and assassinated in 1940.

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42
Q

How did Stalin manage to suceed Lenin?

A

Zin, Kam and Stalin form Troika to oppose Trotsky
Gen Sec Stalin starts appointing his supporters to key positions
Lenin dies, Stalin gives Trot the wrong date for the funeral and gives heartfelt speech
Trot speaks out against ZinKam, overbureaucratisation and in favour of democratisation
Trot deposed as Com of War
Stalin switches alliance to Bukharin ZinKam try to oust Stalin, but are outvoted by Stalinist delegates
ZinKam and Trot form United Opposition faction
UO ousted from Politburo, CentCom, and the party
Stalin publicly favours leftist economic policy, attracting Trotskyites and alienating Bukharin
Bukharin and other Rightists ousted from party
Stalin has complete power by 1929 (his 50th)

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43
Q

Nomenklatura

A

Class of ~5500 who held key administrative roles, bureaucrats of the Communist Party, got better houses than the povvos

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44
Q

Apparat

A

Apparatus, members of the apparat were called the apparatchiki

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45
Q

Party Congress meetings under Stalin

A

3 in 1920s, 3 in 30s, none between 1939-1952, 1 in 1952

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46
Q

Why was the position of Gen Sec important

A

It meant Stalin was in control of appointments, and the party’s patronage and could appoint his supporters to nomenklatura and apparatchiki.
After Lenin, the General Secretary became synonymous with the Soviet leader.

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47
Q

Lenin Enrolement

A

Lenin’s attempt to enrol proletarians in the party 1923-5, 500,000 joined

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48
Q

What did Trotsky claim Stalin’s power rested on?

A

A vast ‘administrative pyramid’ of 5-6 million officials needing to be swept away in a new revolution

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49
Q

1936 Constitution

A

Drafted by Bukharin, claimed by Stalin to be “the most democratic in the world”
11 SFSRs (up from 7)
Congress of Soviets replaced with Supreme Soviet (met very rarely)
Autonomy for ethnic groups
Elections every four years (only one name on ballot)
Former People (burzhui) given voting rights
Freedom from arbitrary arrest, free speech (these were ignored)
Right for SFSRs to leave the union (Georgia was purged when they tried to in 1951)

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50
Q

How did Stalin come across in propaganda

A

Originially Stalin portrayed himself as a disciple and continuation of Lenin (“Stalin is the Lenin of today”)
Later he portrayed himself paternalistically
During GPW he used nationalistic propaganda

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51
Q

Propagandic Book

A

History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union:
Main history textbook, published 1936, sold 34 million copies in next 12 years. Portrayed Trotsky et al as “enemies of the people”. Photos of Stalin doctored.

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52
Q

War Communism

A

1918-21

End to workers control - specialists brought in (working hours extended and rations replaced wages)
Rationing
Encouraged collective farming (unsuccessful)
Grain requisitioning
Black market and barter economy emerged
Lenin and Trot wanted to take this process more slowly, but the war called for drastic measures
Main aim was to secure supply for Red Army
Fighting disrupted transportation systems

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53
Q

Fate of the Romanovs

A

Executed in Ipatiev House 1918

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54
Q

Lenin and the Church

A

Church land nationalised in Dec 1917
Patriarch of Moscow, Tikhon arrested in 1922

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55
Q

Communal housing

A

Kommunalka

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56
Q

Youth branch of CP

A

Komsomol

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57
Q

Russian for grain requisition

A

Prodrazverstka

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58
Q

War Communism: Anti-Prodrazverstka revolt

A

Tambov Revolt 1920. 70,000 strong peasant army revolted against requisitioners. Many South Russians joined them. Put down by Red Army. Poison gas used.

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59
Q

War Communism: Decrease in output

A

By 1921, industrial output was 20% of pre-war levels

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60
Q

War Communism: Decrease in Petrograd population

A

1917-1920:
55% lower in Petrograd

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61
Q

War Communism: Decrease in harvest

A

1920 harvest was half of the 1913 harvest

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62
Q

New Economic Policy

A

1921-28

Turn to a more capitalist economy, as small private trade and enterprise was legalised (in the form of cooperatives)
Seen as ideological betrayal by most of the party and leadership
Rationing ended
End to Prodrazverstka (proportion of produce still had to be paid over in tax tho)
Scissor Crisis
Trade deals signed with UK and Germany
Living standards improved
Re-emergence of the kulak class
Nepmen and private cooperatives renewed growth

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63
Q

NEP: Who were Nepmen

A

Traders who bought up peasants’ produce to sell in the towns, and consumer goods to sell to the peasants.

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64
Q

NEP: Market share of Nepmen

A

In 1923, Nepmen controlled 75% of retail trade

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65
Q

NEP: Industries still under state control

A

Transport, banking and heavy industry (eg coal and oil)

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66
Q

War Communism: When was all industry under state control?

A

1920

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67
Q

War Communism: Disease

A

3 million died from a typhus epidemic in 1920

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68
Q

War Communism: When was martial law declared

A

1920

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69
Q

NEP: Announcement

A

10th Party Congress

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70
Q

NEP: Lenin quote

A

“A free market and capitalism under state control”

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71
Q

NEP: Central planning committee

A

Gosplan, set up in 1921, rival to Veshenka

72
Q

NEP: Factory output growth

A

200% during NEP

73
Q

NEP: Scissor crisis

A

Farmers responded faster to the NEP than proletarians as they already had hoarded stock. The influx of agriculture being sold in cities by Nepmen caused agricultural prices to plummet. A lack of industrial goods to buy in exchange for agricultural produce led to industrial prices increasing.

Solved by the introduction of price caps for industrial products, and the replacing of peasant quotas with money taxes, causing peasants to sell.

Term coined by Trotsky

74
Q

NEP: Scissor crisis numbers

A

Industrial prices up 110% Oct 22 - Oct 23
Agriculture prices down 60% Oct 22 - Oct 23

75
Q

NEP: Production compared to pre-war levels

A

1913 production levels were reachieved by 1926

76
Q

What was Stalin’s economic views during the leadership struggle?

A

Leftist opposition before 1925. Supported NEP when he aligned with Rightists (25-28). Opposed it again agter 1928.

77
Q

Great Turn: When was it announced?

A

14th Party Congress
‘Industrialisation Congress’, called for transition from agricultural economy to an industrialised one.

78
Q

Which Party Congress ended NEP?

A

15th Party Congress
1927

79
Q

Great Turn: Why did Stalin turn away from NEP?

A

Want to assert his own leadership
Failing to yield substantial growth by 1927
Geopolitical tensions of 1920s led to a need to bolster heavy industry
Reduce reliancy on imports
Move towards ‘socialism’

80
Q

5YP: Failures of the 5YP system

A

Quotas being set too high encouraged people to lie about how much they made
Those who didn’t reach targets deemed as traitorous ‘wreckers’.
Corruption and lying rampant.
Neglected industries (light industry, services and consumer goods)
Quantity over quality

81
Q

Stalin’s socialist foreign policy

A

‘Socialism in One Country’; advocated for establishing socialism in the USSR before exporting it abroad, as many (Trotsky) was demanding.

82
Q

Who was Bukharin?

A

Pravda editor, leader of Revolutionary War Group which sought to continue WW1 to spark revolutions, right of the party, ousted by Stalin from leadership race in 20s, arrested in 1937 show trial, executed in 1938

83
Q

Why was it odd for Lenin to establish one-party rule?

A

He was ideologically against it (wished for democratisation, but died)
Factories and army petitioned against it
Railway strike
Zinoviev and Kamenev temporarily resigning over it

84
Q

Divisions in the CP at time of Lenin’s death

A

NEP (ZinKam didn’t like it, Rightists did)
Permanent revolution v Socialism in one country
Democratisation v Council of equals v Dictatorship

85
Q

According to Figes, how many worked for the government under Lenin

A

5.4m in 1920, twice as many officials as there were workers

86
Q

Worker’s Opposition

A

Anti-NEP Left of the CP. Called for the removal of managers, and military discipline in factories

87
Q

FPY: Aims of FYP1

A

1928-32

Production up 300%
Electricity production up 600%
Light industry production up 200%
Develop heavy industry

88
Q

FPY: Aims of FYP2

A

1933-37

Continue development of heavy industry
Emphasis on industries neglected by FYP1 (chemicals, electricity and consumer goods)
Develop communications

89
Q

FYP: Outcome of FYP1

A

None of the aims met despite Stalin claiming they had all been met in 4 years

Electricity up 300%/600
Coal and iron production up 200%
Magnitogorsk built

90
Q

FYP: Outcome of FYP2

A

Dnieper Dam built (largest in Europe)
Steel production up 300%

91
Q

Increase in rearmament expenditure in 1930s

A

Expenditure went from 4% to 17% of GDP in 5YP2

92
Q

FYP: Aims of FYP3

A

1938-41

Focus on heavy industry
Rearmament
Complete transition to communism

93
Q

FYP: Outcome of FYP3

A

Remarment spending doubled 1938-40
Shortages of fuel, and raw materials
Disrupted by Barbarossa in 1941

94
Q

Collectivisation: Proportion of farms collectivised over time

A

1931-50%
1934-70%
1936-90%
1941-100%

95
Q

Collectivisation: When did grain output get back to pre-collectivisation levels?

A

1935

96
Q

Collectivisation: Why was collectivisation seen as a prerequisite for industrialisation?

A

Collectivisation -> Efficiency -> Surplus grain -> More people can be put in factories & Exports to pay for machinery

97
Q

Collectivisation: Grain Procurement Crisis

A

In 1928, the levels of cereal crops sold to the state fell to levels that could no longer sustain the population due to inefficient state pricing. In 1926, requisitioning only got half of what was expected despite good harvest. Prompted Great Turn.

98
Q

Collectivisation: Ural-Siberian Method

A

Stalinist forced requisitioning of grain and shutting down of markets. Caused peasant unrest.

99
Q

Collectivisation: Stage 1

A

1929-30

Commitment to ‘annihilate the kulak class’ -Stalin
Stalin publishes Dizzy with Success article in 1930 after half of farms were collectivised
Dekulakisation. Number of those living in sovkhozes halved as peasants took the chance to flee

100
Q

Collectivisation: Dekulakisation

A

Red Army and Cheka used to identify and deport kulaks
Kulaks said to be 4% of peasantry, but 15% of households were destroyed
150k kulaks deported to poorer hinterlands
Some peasants destroyed crops as to not be labelled as kulaks
Partially designed to scare peasants into kolkhozes
10 million deaths

101
Q

Kolkhoz

A

Communal farm, less efficient than a private farm

102
Q

Collectivisation: Stage 2

A

1930-41

2,500 MTSs
Drought, collectivisation and deportations caused slump in 1932
Holodomor
Peasants called Collectivisation ‘the second serfdom’

103
Q

Collectivisation: MTS

A

Machine Tractor Stations, provided machinery and seeds to kolkhozes, secretly surveyed peasants to make sure quotas were hit

104
Q

Collectivisation: Holodomor

A

Ukrainian Terror Famine, caused by collectivisation, dekulakisation and exporting of grain. 8 million deaths.

105
Q

What happened to the houses of the bourgeoisie after OctRev?

A

Land was nationalised. Turned into kommunalka

106
Q

Who was Alexei Stakhanov

A

Mined 100 tonnes of coal (14x quota), became model worker in the Stakhanovite Movement.
Competitions were aranged for which worker could best emulate Stakhanov.

107
Q

Class: Civil War

A

Class hierarchy abolished.
Rations based on ‘work value’ (soldiers and workers given the most, middle class and buzhui barely surviving, m. class girls turned to prostitution)

108
Q

Class: NEP

A

NEP was an admission that the USSR needed bourgeois specialists and hierarchical workplaces.
Nepmen class emerged

109
Q

Class: Socialist Man

A

Idealisation of what people would be in USSR. Strong, hard workers, communal, selfless

110
Q

Class: Workers

A

Labour discipline tightened under NEP
Workers could be shot or imprisoned if they didn’t meet targets
Poor conditions
Unions used to control workers
Wage differentials under Stalin
Stakhanovite Movement

111
Q

When did rationing end?

A

1935

112
Q

Real wages under Stalin

A

Lower in 1930s than before WW1

113
Q

Women: Lenin

A

Nov 17 abolished sex discrimination
Abortion legalised in 1920
Divorce made easier
Women given right to work (many did)
Still had to tend to house, and children after long hours at work
Education equalised

114
Q

Women: Stalin

A

Fall in population growth saw traditionalist measures reinstated
Propaganda began to remphasise family
Wedding rings brought back
Abortion restricted in 1936 Family Code

115
Q

Women: Family Code of 1936

A

Fees brought in to deter divorce
Men had to pay 60% of income in child support
Contraception banned
Abortion banned

116
Q

Women: Moscow divorce rate

A

37% in 1934

117
Q

Increase in the number of women in the workfrce

A

3m in 1928 -> 13m in 1940

118
Q

Women: Pay gap

A

60% of men’s wages

119
Q

Youth: Education under Lenin

A

Commissariat for Enlightenment provided free education
Gymnazii abolished in favour of vocational-based system
Exams, textbooks and physical punishment banned

120
Q

Youth: Education under Stalin

A

Universities put under Veshenka control
Nationalistic propaganda
Military training
Quotas for teachers, could be punished

121
Q

Literacy Rate

A

95% for young adults in cities 1941

122
Q

Youth: Komsomol pledge

A

To live, study and fight “as the Communist Party teaches me”

123
Q

Religion: Lenin

A

Church lands seized in 1917
Seperation of church & state, and clergy banned from voting in 1918
Teaching religion in schools banned in 1921
Mosques confiscated in Civil War
Patriarch Tikhon arrested
Priests made to pledge loyalty to state
‘The Godless’, atheist newspaper
8000 priests executed in 1921

124
Q

Churches shut by 1941

A

40,000

125
Q

Religion: Stalin

A

‘Uninterrupted six-day work week’ hurt church holidays
Pilgrimages to Mecca banned
Position shifted in GPW

126
Q

Minorities: Lenin

A

Nationalities Decree allowed for self-determination
Ukraine created a ‘rada’ (parliament)
Anti-semitic laws abolished
Yiddish accepted
Stalin purged Georgia in 1922

127
Q

Minorities: Stalin

A

Interracial marriage accepted to encourage assimilation
All major nationalities (inc Jews) given CP representation
Jewish Autonomous Oblast established in 1936

Stalin became more Russian-nationalistic in the 30s
If SSR strayed from Moscow line, it would ne purged as ‘bourgois nationalists’
Russian language became mandatory in all schools in 1936
Finns deported

128
Q

Silver Age of Russian Literature

A

1920s, freedom of expression heralded in by OctRev caused cultural boom

129
Q

Culture: Censorship of Art

A

Under Stalin media that didn’t fit his personal taste was banned or admonished (eg Lady Macbeth of Mtensk)
Art had to point towards socialist ideals (Socialist Realism), “arts for its own sake” was criticised

130
Q

Culture: Writers

A

Had to belong to Union of Soviet Writers, giving the state authority over which books were published. Similar unions existed for musicians, directors, painters etc

131
Q

Culture: Folk Traditions

A

Encouraged under Stalin as part of his wider Russian nationalist campaign

132
Q

When did the Bolsheviks become the CP?

A

1918, after the Left-SRs walked out and the one-party-state was established

133
Q

Bolshevik quote on terror

A

“Merciless mass terror against all opponents of the revolution” -CentCom Chairman

134
Q

When was the Red Terror?

A

1918-22

135
Q

Changing name of secret police

A

Cheka (17-22)
GPU (22-23)
OGPU (23-34)
NKVD (34-46)

136
Q

Shakty Show Trial

A

In 1928, 23 engineers in the Shakty coal mine accused of counter-revolutionary activity after production fell. 5 were executed, the rest rotted in gulags.

137
Q

Gulag

A

By 1929, prisons could no longer cope with the number of prisoners being sent there, so Yagoda came up with Siberian work camps, each meant to house 50,000 under the control of OGPU.

138
Q

Key Architects of the Terror

A

Dzerzhinsky 17-26
Yagoda 34-36
Yezhov 36-38
Beria 38-53

139
Q

Collectivisation: Number of ‘serious disturbances’

A

45,000 in 1929

140
Q

Metro-Vickers Affair

A

Six British employees of Metro-Vickers were arrested and put on show-trial in 1933 for wrecking

141
Q

Industrial Party

A

A group of workers were accused of forming the anti-Soviet ‘Industrial Party’. They were accused of being wreckers. Five were sentenced to death in the 1930 Industrial Party Trial (show-trial)

142
Q

White Sea Canal

A

In 1931-3, 100,000 workers were sent to work on constructing the White Sea Canal with basic tools. 25,000 died. The canal was too shallow to be used for shipping though.

143
Q

Two opposition factions that formed in the 30s

A

1932

Old Bolsheviks:
-Those who had been in the party before OctRev
-Found to have debated Stalin’s removal
-Prominently Zin and Kam

Ryutin Platform:
-Rightists
-Led by Ryutin
-Contacted Stalin’s wife before her death
-Opposed policies and leadership of Stalin

144
Q

Stalin’s wife

A

Nadezhda, committed suicide in 1932. Letters from Ryutin Platform found in her bedroom

145
Q

Whendid the number of people in gulags break 1 million

A

1934

146
Q

17th Party Congress

A

1934
Stalin received 150 negative votes in P.C. CentCom election (Kirov got 3)
GenSec abolished, and Stalin, Kirov, Zhdanov and Kaganovich were made Secretaries of Equal Rank

147
Q

Kirov Affair

A

Leader of the Leningrad Party Sergei Kirov was assassinated.
NKVD members killed in likely coverup.
Likely a false flag to start Purges

148
Q

Name for the union between peasants and workers proposed by the Bolsheviks

A

Smychka

149
Q

Women in education increase

A

Doubled in 1924-40 (Pre-war Stalin)

150
Q

Figes quote on the intrustion of the state into peoples private lives

A

Bolshevism abolished private life

151
Q

What art style was the state mandated art style?

A

Socialist Realism - Realistic art, drawing attention to socio-political class condition, the community of the Soviet Union, and emphasising Marxist doctrine

152
Q

Role of women in Leninist society

A

Given equality to men in 1917, with abortion and divorce liberalised soon after.
Women were expected to be both workers and housewives spending hours in breadlines

153
Q

Women in propaganda

A

Lenin - Muscular workers, co-equal
Stalin - Mothers and caretakers

154
Q

Total casualties of Red Terror

A

500,000 - 1,000,000

155
Q

Crisis of 1932

A

Nadezhda’s suicide
Famine
Bukharin re-elected to CentCom
Strikers criticised Stalin and 5YPs
Old Bolsheviks and Ryutin Platform plotted against Stalin

156
Q

Nikolai Yezhov

A

Leader of NKVD during purges. Replaced for not killing enough people, formally due to his ‘role’ in killing Kirov. Organised Yezhovschina

157
Q

Yezhovschina

A

Extension of the Great Purge to general society. 1937-8. Named after NKVD perpetrator, who himself became a victim of the killings. Quotas for finding counter-revolutionaries given to NKVD.

158
Q

Purge of party members

A

70% of CentCom members arrested in 17th Party Congress
Half of delegates arrested

159
Q

Purge: Minorities

A

In Georgia, 2 PMs and 4/5 party secretaries were removed
140,000 Poles tried

160
Q

Purge: Officer corps

A

8 senior generals (inc Tukachevsky) shot
All admirals, and their replacements shot
50% of Officer Corps tried

161
Q

Purge: NKVD

A

Yagoda and Yezhov shot
23,000 NKVD men tried

162
Q

Purge: Kulaks

A

Half of those arrested were kulaks

163
Q

Purge: Which Order initiated Yezhovschina

A

Order 00447

164
Q

Lead-up to GPW

A

Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
No say in Munich Agreement
Stalin was convinced that Hitler wouldn’t invade, so they didn’t prepare and branded intelligence saying otherwise as lies

165
Q

Great Retreat

A

Name for Stalin’s social conservatism of 1930s

166
Q

Party pay cap

A

Partmaximum. Established under Lenin, abolished by Stalin.

167
Q

Example of a play Stalin banned

A

Shostakovich’s Lady Macbeth of Mtensk (Stalin personally didn’t like it)

168
Q

Author hit by purge

A

Maxim Gorky, assassinated by NKVD to stop him criticising the show trials

169
Q

Moscow Trials

A

Moscow Trials:
Three trials directed against ‘traitors’ within the party, aimed at Trotskyites and Rightists

Yagoda, Trot, Zin, Kam, Bukharin sentenced to death

170
Q

Wartime epithet of Stalin

A

Vozhd - ‘Leader’

171
Q

How did the nomenklatura develop under Stalin?

A

The nomenklatura owed everything to Stalin’s patronage, and he rewarded their undying loyalty with material incentives and high wages. Created large inequalities from their favoured position in the USSR.

172
Q

Politburo meetings decline

A

Roughly once a week under Lenin -> Four times in 1938

173
Q

Purge: How many were arrested for ‘crimes against the state’

A

1.3m

174
Q

When was Trotsky assassinated

A

1940

175
Q

USSR overtook which country in 1940?

A

UK in heavy industry output

176
Q

NEP: Cereal production rise

A

23% from 1920-23

177
Q

Collectivisation: How much livestock was destroyed?

A

1/4 1929-33
Wouldn’t bounce back until 50s

Russian History (4 decks)

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