Emergence And Evolution Of Sport Flashcards
Social Class:
Describe characteristics and give sporting examples of pre-industrial upper class.
Description :
• Aristocracy or gentry who were were hereditary landowners
Examples of sport:
• Real tennis and fox hunting- sophisticated activities with complex rules which required money to participate.
• Pedestrianism: upper class were sponsors of lower class competitors.
• Cricket- played as ‘gentleman’ amateurs
Social Class:
Describe characteristics of pre-industrial lower class and give example of sports.
Description:
• Peasants who worked manually, mainly on the land.
Sporting examples:
• Mob football, dog fighting, prize fighting- simple activities, often violent, with few rules.
• Pedestrianism- were competitors who raced.
• Cricket, played as professionals.
Gender:
Describe perception of women during pre-industrial women.
- Participated in very different activities to men.
- Women were seen as the ‘weaker’ sex.
- Activities women participated in were not ‘too strenuous’ or ‘dangerous’.
Gender: (pre-industrial Britain)
Give examples of the different sports upper class and lower class women room part in.
Upper class examples: • Would take part in archery
Lower class examples: • During country fairs, women were allowed to take part in ‘smock races’.
Law and order: (pre-industrial Britain)
Describe influence of law and order on upper and lower class sports.
There was little law and order reflected in activities understated in both upper class and lower class sports.
Law and order: (pre-industrial Britain)
Give sporting examples of the influence of law and order on lower class sports.
- Involved bare-knuckle fighting or animal baiting, reflecting lack of order and animal cruelty.
- Games like mob football had few rules, showing lack of law and order in society at this time.
Education: (pre-industrial Britain)
Describe the influence of education of upper class sport.
- Upper class were educated and literate.
* They could read, write and understand written rules of sophisticated activities like real tennis
Education: (pre-industrial Britain)
Describe the influence of education on lower class sport.
- Lower class were uneducated and illiterate.
* They could understand simple activities with few rules, like mob football.
Availability of time: (pre-industrial Britain)
Describe the influence of availability of time on upper class.
• Upper class had more for leisure activities and could be involved in longer-lasting activities e.g. fox hunting
Availability of time: (pre-industrial Britain)
Describe the impact of availability of time on lower class sports.
- Lower class worked exhausting hours, so had little time or energy for physical activities.
- The few activities they participated in were confined to festivals or holy day fairs, based around pubs e.g. bare-knuckle fighting.
Availability of money: (pre-industrial Britain)
Describe impact of money on upper class sports.
- Upper class had more money, therefore more opportunities to be involved in physical activity of their choice.
- Could afford horses, clothing and equipment e.g. hunting, real tennis.
- Had specialist facilities e.g. real tennis courts.
Availability of money: (pre-industrial Britain)
Describe impact of money on lower class.
• Lower class had no spare money to spend on physical activities.
Type and transport available: (pre-industrial Britain)
Describe the impact of transport on upper class.
- Had more opportunity to travel further by horse and carriage, but this was often limited by the state of roads.
- Could access facilities such as real tennis courts, some gentry would even build the facility within the ground of their stately homes.
Type and transport available: (pre-industrial Britain)
Describe impact of transport on lower class.
• Roads were in a poor state, preventing people from leaving their village. This influenced the simple, local, unwritten rules varying from village to village.
Types and transport available: (pre-industrial Britain)
Describe impact of transport on both upper and lower class.
• Activities were local, transport was generally horse and cart or walking.
Social class : (post 1850 industrial Britain)
Describe changes to social class post 1850.
- Middle class was introduced, which included professionals, factory owners and managers who did not own big estates and were not born into aristocracy.
- Many members of middle class went to public schools.
Amateurism and professionalism: ( post 1850 industrial Britain)
Describe differences between amateurs and professionals.
Amateurs: • upper class players who were not payed (viewed payment as vulgar)
Professionals:
• lower class players who were payed to compete.
• despite playing on same teams as amateurs, pros had different changing rooms and would clean kit.
• often payed to miss a day’s work to play.
Amateurs and professionals: (post 1850 industrial Britain)
Provide examples of amateur and professional sports.
- Cricket- professionals often bowled and cleaned kit.
- Soccer and football- payments to professionals caused tensions within sport and aggravated amateur players, this led to splitting of rugby into two codes in 1895: league and union.
- Golf- before 1861 there were separate Open championships for amateurs and professionals as the pros did not fit in with the gentlemanly image
Gender: (post 1850 industrial Britain)
Describe the role of women post industrial Britain)
- Women were expected to marry, have children and be financially dependant on their husbands.
- Many people regarded education for women as being pointless.
- Schooling for girls was limited, compared to boys.
- Late 1800s, status of women began to change- shortage of men due to high mortality rates and a large number serving in the armed forces, suppressing assumptions that women had to marry.
- Limitations on schooling for girls was identified by Taunton Royal Commission Report 1868, fought for equal rights- had encouraging effect on women becoming more involved in sports.
