emergence and evolution of sport Flashcards
dates of pre industrial britain
- pre 1850s
- before the industrial revolution
characteristics of recreation in pre industrial britain
- played by peasants
- between villages
- little rules
- dangerous
- mainly men
- mass numbers
what does upper class look like in pre industrial britain
- land owners
- often watched and looked down on mob sports
- played cockfighting, tennis, fox hunting
- very wealthy
- sponsor lower class in things like pedestrianism
what sport did upper and lower class play together in pre industrial Britain
- cricket
- upper class compete for status
amateur = someone who competes for no financial gain
lower class professionals = gain money for competing
lower class in pre industrial britain
- played mob sports eg. football
- fighting as sports like bare knuckle fighting
- worked on land for little money
- low level of education and literacy
- couldn’t compete in sports with upper class as had no money to gamble with
what is pedestrianism
- lower class would compete in walking races
- upper class sponsor the lower class to make money
- upper class gamble on it
- ‘footmen’ (carriage pullers) would compete
gender in pre industrial britain
- mainly men competing in sports
- women seen as ‘weaker’ so activities were too dangerous or strenuous
- women would have been at home looking after the children or house
female sports in pre industrial britain
- frock races for lower class
- archery for upper class
law and order in pre industrial britain
- very little law and order
- no money to have law and order at sporting events
- lower class sports were violent sometimes fatal
- few if any rules
- cruelty to animals at the time
education and literacy in pre industrial britain
- lower class have limited education due to money
- lower class are illiterate and not educated
- no rules could be read and understood by lower class so sport had little rules involved
- upper class were well educated and literate
- rules could be read by upper class
availability of time and money in pre industrial britain
- lower class worked long and strenuous hours so little appetite for sports
- activities for lower class usually on holidays, holy days or festivals
- lower class may have done sport on land where they worked
- lower class had limited time due to holy days
- upper class had more pass times as they could pay and take part
- upper class could gamble and bet
- lower class had no money to gamble
transport in pre industrial britain
- horses for wealthy and carriages
- walking
- limited transport
- road conditions poor so many people never left their village
- upper class could get to tennis courts or cricket pitches
- lack of transport means different villages have different rules for different sports
date of industrial revolution and what it is
- post 1850s
- more industry work and factories developed
what is the agrarian revolution
movement of workers away from the countryside to find work in the city
what was the change to amateurs in the industrial revolution
- amateurs became middle class eventually as well as upper class
- professionals stayed the same
characteristics of amateurs and professionals in the industrial revolution
- forced to use different changing rooms
- professionals made to clean and do dirty jobs
- working men payed extra for missing work
- upper class against it as it goes away from the true values of sport = lead to rugby split in two leagues
social class in the industrial revolution
- middle class was introduced
middle class = those who were professionals, factory owners and manager but did not own large estates. - middle class have more time to be involved in sport
- many went to public schools and were involved in development of rules for other sports
gender in the industrial revolution
women’s role = to mary, to have children, depend financially on husband
- education was deemed pointless for women
- lack of work for women at the time. Teachers only
in the late 19th century how did gender roles change
- status of women changed
- becoming more women than men due to work, army deaths and emigration
- campaigners fought for equal rights, the right to work, right to education and eventually the right to vote
law and order in the industrial revolution
- development of more laws affected which activities were allowed
- upper and middle classes were the ones developing laws
- cock fighting and mob games were eliminated, but more upper class sports were left untouched eg. foxhunting
education and literacy in the industrial revolution
- lower classes didnt want to gain education as it would mean less tie working so less money.
- upper/middle classes continued to gain education
- education act 1870 (foster act) increased the number of elementary schools nationwide
- after 1981 education act became free, meaning more lower class families sent their children to school.
- learned to read and could now understand the sport rules of upper and middle classes so participation increased
availability of time and money in the industrial revolution
- factory owners used to try and stop workers getting paid to work and play sports
- owners realised sport could keep workers healthy and loyal
- companies created their own teams eg. thames iron works = west ham
- lower still worked long hours for little money 6,6,6
- lower class still had little money and time
- saturday half day was introduced
- by 1965 work hours were typically 42 hour weeks this boosted moral along with taking workers to the seaside once a year
Transport in the industrial revolution
- walking, horseback, rivers, canals etc….
- development of roads, bicycles, railways, cars (20th century) helping with transport to and from sport
- means away games were created
- railways formed
effects of railways in the industrial revolution
- bigger crowds and followings
- better players moved to live and play with better teams
- teams could tour
- race meetings were planned along train lines
- owners could get their horses to scottish races as well
characteristics of early public schools
- boarding
- expensive
- upper/middle class
- boys only
- fee paying
- harsh/strict environment
identify early public schools
- eton
- harrow
- rugby
- charterhouse
- st pauls
- winchester
- merchant taylors
- westminster
- shrewsbury
what does athleticism mean?
putting in maximal physical effort while adhering to the ethics of the game and playing sportingly
what is fagging
younger boys are picked on and are servants to the older boys
how did doctor Thomas Arnold change rugby school?
- developed ‘moral christian gentleman’
- removed the fagging system and promoted muscular christianity
- introduced sports
- introduced sport prefects
- developed athleticism
- introduced a house system
why could sport benefit education?
- motivation
- inclusiveness
- teamwork
what impact has popular recreation had on the schooling system?
added violence or desire to win
impact of the cult of athleticism
- encouraged effort over winning
- encouraged development of codified sport; with rules (national governing bodies)
- encouraged fair play and sportsmanship
- large amounts of time devoted to sport in schools
- developed leagues
- ex school boys spread the cult through old boys network
what is the melting pot?
people from uni and other sectors came together with different variants of a sport and decide on the best rules to use
what is the old boy/girl network
the idea that ex public school students going into good jobs and other roles after school spread sport
why were 19th century public schools influential in promoting and organising sports
- influence of head teachers = respected and society followed their ideas
- time on sport = boarding, believed games were valuable for moral character and health
- ex people promoted games and ethics = old boys network
- house structure with fixtures and comps = competitive, extra curricular
- money
- rules = student developed and NGB’s for sport so codified rules
NGB examples
- football association (FA) 1863
- amateur athletics club (AAC) 1866
- rugby football union (RFU) 1871
dates of 20th century
1901 to 2000
class in the 20th century
- divide in class within rugby still present
- upper and middle still have more free time
- some sports see a mix of competitors eg. cricket
- clubs can now afford to pay people
- loss of jobs during great depression lead to lots of teams going bankrupt
gender in 20th century
- crowds at sporting events are mainly men
- more teams formed for mainly men increasing participation
- huge gap between men and female participation rates
law and order in 20th century
- now televised
- most cruel sports have disappeared eg. bare knuckle fighting is now boxing / fox hunting still allowed
- spectators now need to pay to watch live sports
education in the 20th century
- 1944 education act (butler act)
- schools are not just to develop pupils academically
- need to develop students physically, spiritally, morally etc…
- PE is now taught in most schools
state education made up of:
- grammar schools
- secondary modern schools
- secondary technical schools
transport in the 20th century
- different modes of transport became available to everyone
- cars, trains, bikes, planes, coaches etc…
- teams began to have private transport
how did technology help to grow participation and spectatorship in sport?
- travel means you can have more fixtures
- TV coverage
- radio, email
class in the 21st century and social mobility
- less pronounced and social mobility means class isn’t decided from birth
- professionals and amateurs are no longer as clearly defined with social class
- some sports are still associated with upper/ lower class like polo with upper class
- Olympic sports (amateur) higher % medal winners from fee paying schools
how does socio-economic groups impact sport
16 years plus of age, participations is greater in higher socio-economic groups even though sport is less defined to be linked with social class compared to the 20th century
gender in the 21st century
- still a difference in participation and spectator levels between men and women’s sport
- being good at sport still regarded ‘unfeminine’ by some
- certain activities traditionally linked to males and females e.g. dance vs team sports
- more women involved in physical exercise, more interest in health and fitness
- much larger, growing participation in women’s rugby and football e.g. 2002 FA says football is top participation sport for girls and women in England
- role model help a gender shift
law and order in the 21st century
- sports legislation is sophisticated and specific to sport
- increase in litigation as people are more aware of their legal rights
- new laws have been passed to protect participants, officials and spectators
- sport specific laws have made sport safer, fairer and less violent
duty of care = legal obligation to ensure safety of others
negligence = failure to take proper care
deviance in sport = behavior in a way that knowingly breaks rules or ethics of sport
cheating and drug taking
time and money for sport in the 21st century
- for some there is increased wealth
- global recessions have affected some peoples disposable income
- affects ticket prices
education and literacy in 21st century
- PE compulsory 5-16 years
- PE specific qualifications (GCSE, A Levels, Degrees and Vocationals)
- extra curricular activities focus and knowledge on health and fitness
- NC (1988) standardised teaching of PE = inclusion (gender, disability)
transport in the 21st century
- car ownership
- public transport
- cheap airfares
- transport links across country and Europe
- match tickets to a game are rising
