Emergence and evolution of modern sport Flashcards
PRE INDUSTRIAL : SOCIAL CLASS
2 classes
UPPER CLASS = sophisticated, complex rules, require time and money - real tennis, fox hunting
LOWER CLASS = simple, few rules, violent - mob football
BOTH = pedestrianism - lower class = competed, upper class = patrons
PRE-INDUSTRIAL : GENDER
- women participated events
- shaped by the expected behaviour
- ‘weaker sex’
- LC = few rights
What sports event did UC women compete in - pre-industrial ?
archery
What sports event did LC women compete in - pre-industrial ?
smock race
PRE-INDUSTRIAL : LAW AND ORDER
- not many formal laws
- LC = violent sports - bare knuckled fighting
PRE-INDUSTRIAL : TIME AND MONEY
UPPER CLASS:
- more time and money
- longer lasting events
- afford equipment / transport / facilities
- fox hunting
LOWER CLASS
- long hours labouring land
- confined to holy days
- short duration
- localised
- throwing contest
PRE-INDUSTRIAL : EDUCATION
UPPER CLASS:
- educated
- understand rules of complex sports
- real tennis
LOWER CLASS:
- uneducated / illiterate
- mob football
PRE-INDUSTRIAL : TRANSPORT
UPPER CLASS:
- horse and cart
- more opportunities
- longer lasting
- facilities
LOWER CLASS:
- no transport
- local
- short
POST INDUSTRIAL : SOCIAL CLASS
- stronger divisions
- middle-class = factory owners
- middle class went to public schools
POST INDUSTRIAL : GENDER
- restricted opportunities for women
- expected to marry and have children
- allowed to become teachers
- however change occurred due to war
POST INDUSTRIAL : LAW AND ORDER
- development of laws
- less violence in sport
- upper class held onto cruel sports
- laws made by upper class
POST INDUSTRIAL : EDUCATION
- upper class didn’t want middle class to be educated
- middle class wanted children to work to earn money
- Education Act 1870-rise to national system of education = establishment of elementary schools
POST INDUSTRIAL : TIME AND MONEY
- employers realised benefits of sport
- saturday half-day introduced
- large factories would pay for annual excursion
- end of 20th century working hours = 37-40hrs
POST INDUSTRIAL : TRANSPORT
- development of roads / bikes / railways
- allowed fixtures
- venues around the country
Amateurs
- People who compete in sporting activities but aren’t paid.
- Status suited upper/middle classes
Professionals
People who earn income for competing in sporting activities.
How did public schools influence promotion and organisation of sport?
- Aided development of modern sports both home and abroad
- Early 19th century-headmasters not in favour of sport
- Middle 19th century-change ethos, sport became important element of education
How did public schools influence promotion of ethics through sport?
THOMAS ARNOLD
- Developed house system-form competitive teams
- Wanted boys to be Christian gentlemen
Cult of athleticism
- Combination of physical endeavour and moral integrity
- Development of character through sport
How did public schools spread and export games and the ethic?
- 1845-Rugby pupils wrote down football rules
- Pupils took games to university
- 1863-Common set of rules decided for football, players around country came together to form FA
21st century: class
- Social mobility can be achieved through sports
- More middle class athletes
- Different spots still associated with different classes
21st century: amateurism and professionalism
-Social class factor in whether someone is likely to be amateur/professional
21st century: gender
- More female sport presenters
- Certain sports still linked with men (rugby)/females (dance)
- Women participation rates in football/rugby continue growing
- More men than women still participate/watch sport
21st century: law and order
- Laws to prevent discrimination
- Rights of athletes/ spectators now protected by law
- Laws against drugs/match-fixing
21st century: education
- 5-16 must get education
- Wide range of sport degrees and qualifications
21st century: time/money/ transport
- More transport/ cheaper air fares
- Participation rates down in 2012- global recession, less money on sport
- Society much more technological-more time
Globalisation
process involving sport as worldwide business, featuring corporate brands, media coverage & freedom of movement
20th century: class
- pub=centre of sporting activity
- horse racing/boxing-middle/upper class provided money, lower class took part
- cricket-working, middle compete together
- working class had less time than other classes
20th century: gender
- female participation dropped in 1900
- male dominated crowds in football/rugby
- working class women excluded from profession sport due to time/money
20th century: law/order
- fields of play enclosed, written codes of conduct
- had to pay to watch
- sport press developed
- gambling still essential part of sport
20th century: education
- all schools curricula included PE
- secondary modern schools ran range of sport teams
- sport was promoted through extra-curricular provision
20th century: time/money
- gradual increase to leisure/tie/money=men played as well as watched
- money availability enabled darts, dominoes, billiards
20th century: transport
- public/private transport more available to everyone
- international competitions accessible by international travel-‘shop window’ for host city
Societal factors that impacted pre-industrial sport
- availability of time/money
- transport
- education
- social class.
- gender
- laws and order
How was participation in Rugby/cricket used to promote ‘good character’ in public schoolboys
- Teamwork
- Leadership
- Loyalty – devotion to team/house/school
- Respect – winning and losing graciously/accepting officials’ decisions
- Physical endeavour – trying your hardest at all times
How changing the role of women positively affected levels of participation in sport in the 21st century
- no longer seen as homemaker/wife
- increase free time-shared parental leave
- increase number of events for women
- stereotypes are challenged
- better standard of play
- increased media coverage
