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GI > Embyology of the foregut > Flashcards

Embyology of the foregut Flashcards

1
Q

What is the embryological origin of the GIT epithelium/glands/parenchyma?

A

endoderm

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2
Q

What is the embryological origin of the lamina propria, muscles, connective tissue, & other wall components in the GIT?

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

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3
Q

What closes each end of the gut tube before week 4 of development?

A

Oropharyngeal membrane and Cloacal membrane

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4
Q

What are the openings of the GIT called?

A

Top: Stomodeum;
Bottom: Proctodeum

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5
Q

What is the blood supply to the foregut?

A

Celiac artery

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6
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of the foregut?

A

Celiac ganglia: T5-T9

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7
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the foregut?

A

Vagus nerve

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8
Q

What divides the trachea and esophagus?

A

esophagotracheal/tracheoesophageal septum

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9
Q

What is polyhydramnios?

A

Too much fluid in the amniotic sac.

May result from tracheoesophageal malformations.

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10
Q

Describe the development of the stomach

A
  1. Fusiform enlargement of caudal portion
  2. Dorsal border is faster growing and forms the greater curvature
  3. Ventral border becomes lesser curvature
  4. Stomach rotates 90o (ventral moves right; dorsal moves left)
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11
Q

What is the dorsal mesentery?

A
  • attaches stomach to posterior wall
  • called the dorsal mesogastrium
  • derived from mesoderm
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12
Q

What is the ventral mesentery?

A
  • attaches stomach to anterior body wall
  • called ventral mesogastrium
  • derived from mesoderm and septum transversum
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13
Q

With respect to mesentery layers, where does the liver develop and what are the mesentery layers that surround it?

A
  • Liver develops between layers of ventral mesogastrium

- Divides this layer into falciform ligament (liver to body wall) and lesser omentum (GIT to liver)

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14
Q

What is the free margin of the lesser omentum?

What happens to it after birth?

A
  • Hepatoduodenal ligament portion of the lesser omentum.
  • connects liver to the duodenum.
  • contains bile duct, hepatic artery, and portal vein
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15
Q

What is the omental bursa?

A
  • Lesser peritoneal sac

- the space behind the stomach created during rotation of the stomach

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16
Q

What connects the lesser peritoneal sac to the rest of the peritoneal cavity?

A

Epiploic foramen of Winslow

17
Q

What is congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis?

A
  • Thickening of the pylorus
  • hypertrophy of the muscular layers of the pylorus
  • -> may get polyhydramnios
  • -> may get projectile vomiting
18
Q

Is the duodenum intra-abdominal or retroperitoneal?

A

Yes, Secondary retroperitoneal

19
Q

Describe the development of the duodenum

A
  • Grows rapidly to form a C-shaped loop.
  • Epithelial cells proliferate and obliterate the lumen of the duodenum.
  • Recanalization (cell death) re-opens the lumen.
20
Q

What is duodenal stenosis?

A

Partial occlusion of duodenal lumen

21
Q

What is duodenal atresia?

A

Complete occlusion of the duodenal lumen

  • -> distention of epigastic region in infants –>vomiting
  • -> polyhydramnios due to lack of intestinal fluid absorption
22
Q

What is a hepatic diverticulum?

A

“liver bud” ie. gives rise to upper (liver) and lower (gallbladder & biliary tree) divisions
- vental outgrowth from the caudal part of the foregut

23
Q

Kupfer cells and hematopoietic tissue of the liver are derived from what?

A

mesenchyme in the septum transversum

24
Q

What is the blood supply of the liver?

A

hepatic artery (branch of celiac artery)

25
Q

What do the cystic duct and common bile duct develop from?

A

stalk of the liver bud (hepatic diverticulum)

26
Q

What is the portal triad?

A

Hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, common bile ducts.

27
Q

Where is the portal triad?

A

Hepatoduodenal ligament (from ventral mesentery)

28
Q

What makes up the ventral mesentery?

A
  • lesser omentum
  • falciform ligament
  • round ligament of liver (umbilical vein)
29
Q

What makes up the lesser omentum?

A
  • hepatoduodenal ligament

- hepatogastric ligament

30
Q

What is extrahepatic biliary atresia

A
  • Failure of recanalization

- -> duplication of gallbladder

31
Q

What is the sphincter of Oddi?

A

Sphincter in major duodenal papilla

32
Q

What forms the main pancreatic duct?

A

Distal part of dorsal pancreatic duct & duct of ventral pancreas

33
Q

What forms the accessory pancreatic duct?

A

Proximal part of dorsal pancreatic duct

34
Q

Most of the pancreas is derived from what?

A

Dorsal pancreatic bud (from caudal portion of the foregut)

35
Q

Name a couple pancreatic malformations

A 
Annular pancreas (fails to correct rotation)
Accessory pancreatic tissue in other structures (stomach, duodenum, or ileal diverticulum)
36
Q

What is the spleen derived from?

A

Mass of mesenchymal cells in dorsal mesogastrium

37
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of the spleen?

A

T5-T9

38
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the spleen?

A

Vagus nerve

GI (13 decks)

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