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ANS 221(lab) > Embryonic development & pregnancy > Flashcards

Embryonic development & pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

Between days 7 and 9 a ______________ forms.

A

blastocyst

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2
Q

The most invasive type of placenta is the diffuse placenta. True or False?

A

False; the discoid placenta is the most invasive

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3
Q

Cotyledonary placentas are found in which animals:

A

cows & sheep

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4
Q

After the 16-cell stage, a ______ is formed which is a packed mass of cells

A

morula

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5
Q

What part of the blastocyst will become the fetus?

A

inner cell mass

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6
Q

What part of the blastocyst becomes the placenta?

A

trophoblast cells (trophectoderm)

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7
Q

The pocket of fluid where the inner cell mass sits

A

blastocoel

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8
Q

What are the 4 functions of the placenta?

A

protection
nutrition
respiration
hormone production

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9
Q

We find this type of placenta in sows and mares

A

diffuse

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10
Q

The outer layer of the placenta is referred to as the…

A

chorion

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11
Q

Where blood crosses over in fetal pigs

A

chorionic villi

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12
Q

In pigs, the maternal side of the placenta is called

A

rugae

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13
Q

In pigs, the fetal side of the placenta is called

A

areola

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14
Q

What do horses have instead of chorionic villi for blood crossover?

A

microcotelydans

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15
Q

Type of placenta found in dogs, ferrets & cats (carnivores mostly)

A

zonary

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16
Q

The area of a zonary placenta that contacts the endometrium (only place where blood can cross over)

A

central girdle/belt

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17
Q

Type of placenta found in humans, primates and rodents

A

discoid

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18
Q

Type of placenta found in cows and sheep

A

cotelydonary

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19
Q

Cotelydons are on the _______ side

A

fetal

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20
Q

Caruncles are on the _______ side

A

maternal

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21
Q

In cows, the caruncles are… (concave/convex?)

A

convex

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22
Q

In sheep the caruncles are…

A

concave

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23
Q

Cotelydonary placentas are considered to be…

A

noninvasive

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24
Q

A cotyledonary placenta is the least efficient - why?

A

there are more layers for nutrients to travel through between maternal and fetal blood

25
Q

A discoid placenta is the most efficient - why?

A

Fewer layers for nutrients to travel through between mother and fetus

26
Q

Logarithmic growth chart used to predict fetal age

A

crown-rump length

27
Q

Energy requirements for a mother during the first stages of gestation are…low/high-why?

A

low since growth is slow during the first stages

28
Q

Energy requirements for a mother during the last stages of gestation are low/high-why?

A

high since fetal growth is quicker during the last stages of gestation

29
Q

Cow gestation length

A

9 months (282 days)

30
Q

Ewe, doe gestation length

A

5 months (150 days)

31
Q

Sow gestation length

A

3 months, 3 weeks and 3 days (112-114 days)

32
Q

Mare gestation length

A

11 months (340 days)

33
Q

Human gestation length

A

9 months (284 days) -similar to cows

34
Q

Mice gestation length

A

21 days

35
Q

Elephant gestation length

A

2 years (616 days)

36
Q

What does crown-rump length growth curve suggest about energy requirements during the first stages of gestation?

A

Fetal growth is slow during the first 2/3rds so there’s not as high of an energy requirement for the mother

37
Q

What are the 4 functions of the 4 placental mebranes?

A

1.Protection of developing embryo and fetus
2.Nutrition
3.Respiration
4.Hormone production

38
Q

Pregnancy recognition signal in ruminants

A

Interferon tau

39
Q

Pregnancy recognition signal in swine

A

Estrogen

40
Q

Pregnancy recognition signal of mice

A

Prolactin

41
Q

Pregnancy recognition signal of humans

A

Chorionic gonadotropin

42
Q

Pregnancy recognition signal in horses

A

Unknown; possibly movement of the embryo for the first 18 days of pregnancy

43
Q

Which type of placenta is most efficient?

A

Discoid; only 3 layers of tissue to connect placental blood to maternal

44
Q

What is the least efficient type of placenta?

A

Cotyledonary; 6 layers between fetal and maternal blood supply

45
Q

Maternal side of placenta in pigs

A

Rugae

46
Q

Fetal side of placenta in pigs

A

Areola

47
Q

Fetal side of placenta in cows

A

Cotyledon

48
Q

Maternal side of placenta in cows

A

Caruncle

49
Q

Species examples with diffuse placentas

A

Horses and pigs

50
Q

Species examples with cotlyedonary placenta

A

Cows, sheep, goats (ruminants)

51
Q

Species examples with zonary placenta

A

Cats (carnivores)

52
Q

Species examples with discoid placenta

A

Primates and rodents

53
Q

What are the stages of embryonic development? (from ovum to blastocyst?)

A

ovum -> fertilization -> 1-cell ->2-cell -> 4-cell -> 8-cell -> 16-cell -> morula -> blastocyst

54
Q

A signal that varies among species that will prevent the production of PGF2a so that pregnancy will continue

A

Maternal recognition of pregnancy

55
Q

What species is an exception to the placental function of hormone production regarding P4

A

swine

56
Q

Endotheliochorial, 5 layers of tissue between fetal and maternal blood supply

A

zonary

57
Q

Where fetus connects with maternal

A

placentomes

58
Q

What does hemochorial mean?

A

placenta sits in the maternal blood

ANS 221(lab) (5 decks)

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