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Histology & Embryology > Embryology Test #1 > Flashcards

Embryology Test #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Cytodifferentiation

A

Change in functional ability of cell

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2
Q

Morphodifferentiation

A

Stage of tooth formation that determines the shape and size of crown

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3
Q

Differentiation

A

Cells become specialized to perform a specific function

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4
Q

What are the “primitive” germ layers? (3)

A
  1. Ectodermal germ layer
  2. Endodermal germ layer
  3. Mesodermal germ layer
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5
Q

What does the mesoderm become?

A

Muscle, bone and other CT including dentin, cementum and pulp of teeth

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6
Q

What does the endoderm give rise to?

A

Epithelial lining of the stomach, lungs, bladder and respiratory tract

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7
Q

What does the neural tube become ?

A

The central nervous system (CNS) which includes the brain and spinal cord that will develop the nerves of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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8
Q

From which germ layer is the nervous system derived from?

A

Ectoderm germ layer

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9
Q

Which germ layer forms the lining of the closed body cavities (thoracic and abdominal)?

A

Endodermal germ layer

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10
Q

Connective tissue is derived from ______________

A

Mesodermal germ layer

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11
Q

Mitosis

A

Form of cell division in somatic cells, which results in 2 identical daughter cells just like the parent cell

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12
Q

Meiosis

A

Form of cell division in gonadal cells to form gametes (sperm/ova). Gametes are haploid in chromosome number with a different gene arrangement than the parent cell

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13
Q

Fertilization

A

Union of sperm with an ovum to begin a new individual

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14
Q

Zygote

A

Product of sperm & ova

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15
Q

Cleavage

A

Phase when cells remained fastened together after division. Characteristic of morula and the early blastocyst

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16
Q

Morula

A

Solid mass of cells, which is developed ~3 days after fertilization. Cells become progressively smaller with each division, but their number as increased. This stage is reached by the time the cell mass is about to enter the uterus from the Fallopian tubes.

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17
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death in embryo without subsequent inflammation
(Ex.- disappearance of web tissue between fingers in embryo during 7th week)

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18
Q

Fetal period

A

9th week until birth.

Characterized by rapid growth of body and maturation or organ system

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19
Q

Mesenchyme

A

Undifferentiated embryonic CONNECTIVE TISSUE. They have potential of developing into different types of CT depending on location and stimulation

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20
Q

Growth

A
  • increase in cell numbers
  • increase in size of individual cells
  • increase in amount of intercellular material
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21
Q

Stomodeum

A

Invagination of ectoderm forming a depression, which will become oral and nasal cavities

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22
Q

General summary of development of 2nd month pregnancy

A
  • eyes , nose , ear begin to form
  • major blood vessels form and major body organs continue to form
  • morphodifferentiation of limbs almost complete and ossification begins
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23
Q

Week 5

A

Left and right maxillary process fuse with medial nasal process resulting in maxillary lip. Failure to close = cleft lid

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24
Q

Macrostomia

A

Exceptionally large mouth opening

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25
Q

Week 6

A

Ectoderm has grown and formed dental lamina

26
Q

Week 8

A

Tooth buds for primary teeth have formed. Mandible has a shape (relatively small)

27
Q

When is the embryonic period complete?

A

End of the 2nd month

28
Q

General summary of development of 3rd fetal month

A

Eyes almost fully developed , nose develops bridge and external ears appear . Morphodifferentiation of limbs complete and digits/nails develop. Ossification continues

Heart is now large enough, heartbeatcsn be detect :)
Other systems continue to develop

29
Q

Start of 3rd month

A

Palatial processes of maxilla assume horizontal position

Horizontal palatal processes grow messily and fuse at midline

Anteriorly, palatal shelves unite with medial and nasal process in area of incisive foramen

Critical period for movement and complete closure of 3 parts of palate between 8th and 12th week.

30
Q

At 10 week (mid 3rd month)

A

Primary teeth in CAP stage and successional dental lamina forming

31
Q

End of 3rd month

A

Morphodifferentiation of oral nasal region complete

Failure of lateral palatine processes to fuse with each other or mesial nasal process results in cleft palate

Developing teeth in BELL stage

32
Q

Which month are developing teeth in the bell stage ?

A

End of 3rd month

33
Q

4th month

A

Recognizable face

Hair appears ossification of many bones and joint formation

Body systems continue to develop

34
Q

5th month

A

Body begin to catch up with head growth

Hair (lanugo) covers body

Body systems almost completely differentiated and rapid growth occurs

35
Q

6th month

A

Start of enamel as dentin formation. Tooth sheath has been formed and differentiation associated with root has begun.

Eyelids/eyelashes form

Rapid growth of body systems

36
Q

7th month

A

System developed sufficiently to ensure survival (“survival” stage)

Nervous and respiratory system are least developed. (Must continue)

37
Q

8th month

A

Development of tooth crown almost complete. Formation of root dentin and cementum

Subcutaneous fat begins to deposit. Tested descend into scrotum of male fetus

Ossification of skull completed with exception of soft spots (fontanels) so baby can pass through birth canal

38
Q

9th month

A

Subcutaneous fat continues to deposit and lanugo (hair) sheds

39
Q

Coronal plane

A

Back/front

40
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Left/right

41
Q

Transverse plane

A

Top/bottom

42
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

Oocyte matures, is ovulated, enters uterine tube, oocyte not fertilized = menstruation - flow of blood from uterus

43
Q

What are the phases of menstrual cycle? (5)

A

Menstrual, proliferative, luteal, ischemic

44
Q

What could congenital malformations (birth defects) due to?

A

Genetic factors: abnormal development of one or more structures, hereditary etiology

Teratogens, environment agents and factors: crossing from mother by way of placenta (viral infections, alcohol, cocaine, etc.)

45
Q

First 2 weeks of pregnancy is not susceptible of teratogens

A

Either embryo dies or effect are not permanent

46
Q

How long does the fertilization process take?

A

24 hrs approx.

47
Q

What are autosomes?

A

Chromosomes that are not sex related

48
Q

What are heterosomes?

A

Sex chromosomes (XX or XY)

49
Q

Where does ectopic pregnancy usually occur?

A

In the Fallopian tubes

50
Q

Implantation

A

3 days after fertilization, morula enters uterus. 4-5 days after, trophoblast attaches to endometrial epithelium. By end of first week, a blastocyst is embedded in rich endometrium

51
Q

Epiblast

A

High columnar cells suspended between amniotic cavity and yolk sac

52
Q

Hypoblast

A

Small cuboidal cells

53
Q

Embryonic period

A

End of 2nd week to end of 8th week

Includes physiological processes:
Induction- action of sone cells on another

Proliferation - controlled levels of cellular growth

Differentiation - identical cells become distinct in structure and function

Morphogenetic - development of specific tissue structure and embryonic cell migration

Maturation - attainment of adult function

Apoptosis - programmed cell death

54
Q

FSH

A

Follicle stimulating H

55
Q

LH

A

Leutinizing H

56
Q

Corpus leuteum

A

Glandular structure innovation follicle->secretes progesterone and estrogen -> preparing endometrium for implantation

57
Q

If fertilization occurs….

A

Corpus leuteum enlarges and produces hormones for 20 weeks to maintain pregnancy

58
Q

Placebo

A

By week 20, secretes estrogen and progesterone to maintain pregnancy

59
Q

Fimbria

A

Approximate ovary sweeping oocyte

60
Q

Cilia and peristalsis

A

Moves oocyte to ampulla

61
Q

Meiosis

A

Reduces the number of chromosomes. Process begins in germ cells and meiosis ends during fertilization. Produced haploid cells with 23 chromosomes.

Joining of parental and maternal chromosomes form a diploid cell with 46 chromosomes -> forming a zygote that will keep going to form a “new individual”

Histology & Embryology (2 decks)

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