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S2 E1 KCU COB > Embryology Review > Flashcards

Embryology Review Flashcards

1
Q

During oogenesis there are two meiotic arrests. When is the first?

A

Diplotene stage of prophase 1

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2
Q

In a mammalian embryos and many other vertebrate embryos, the primordial germ cells are from ___

A

The yolk sac

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3
Q

What best describes the oogonium in the ovary during the early fetal period

A

Diploid oogonium with no follicle cells

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4
Q

In meiosis, pairing of homologous chromosomes being during what stage of prophase I?

A

zygotene

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5
Q 
Which of the following refers to the process by which a cell or a part of an embryo becomes restricted to a given developmental pathway?
A. Morphogeneis
B. Differentiation
C. Determination
D. Ontogeny
A

C. Determination

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6
Q

After the first meiotic arrest, the secondary oocyte resumes meiosis at the time of ovulation. What is responsible for shutting down gap junctions?

A

LH

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7
Q

Capacitation occurs where?

A

Isthmus of the oviduct

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8
Q

During the transport of the egg through the female tract following ovulation, the most likely site of fertilization is___

A

Ampulla

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9
Q

what cell type is located outside of the blood-testies barrier

A

Spermatogonium

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10
Q

What is the principal energy source for ejaculated spermatozoa

A

Fructose in the seminal vesicle fluid

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11
Q

What cells in males convert testosterone to estrogen?

A

Sertoli Cells

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12
Q

Rapid transport of the egg through the isthmus of the oviduct requires what hormone?

A

Progesterone

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13
Q

What is responsible for the production of testosterone in the testes?

A

Lydig cells or interstitial cells

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14
Q

Endometrial growth thickness is by day 14. Proliferation phase of the uterine cycle is the result of secretion of what hormone by granulose cells?

A

Estradiol

Progesterone is in charge of the second half

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15
Q 
What components of the Graafian follicle form the corpus lutetium?
A. Granulose Cells
B. Thecal Cells
C. Both 
D. Neither
A

Both granulose and thecal cells

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16
Q

Inhibin, released by the granulose cells during the ovarian cycle, inhibits secretion of gonadotropins, especially FSH, resulting in ____

A

Regression of the corpus luteum

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17
Q

During the menstral cycle, a sharp spike in plasma levels of what hormone, just before ovulation, is responsible for ovulation?

A

LH

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18
Q

Of the barriers to sperm survival and transport within the female reproductive tract, low pH is most important in the what anatomical structure?

A

The vagina

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19
Q 
Base on your knowledge of paralogous groups, which gene would be expressed most anteriorly in the embryo?
A. Hoxa-13
B. Hoxc-9
C. Hoxb-1
D. Hoxb-6
A

C. Hox-b-1

Anterior to posterior depends on the number

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20
Q 
The principal inductor in primary neural induction is the 
A. Hypoblast
B. Primitive Streak
C. Extraembryoinic mesoderm
D. Notochordal Process
A

D. Notochordal process

21
Q 
Cells of which germ layer are not present in the oropharyngeal membrane?
A. Ectoderm
B. Mesoderm
C. Endoderm
D. All are present
A

B. Mesoderm

22
Q 
Brachyury, a deficiency in caudal tissues in the body is caused by a mutation in what gene?
A. Lim-1
B. Noggin
C. T
D. Sonic Hedgehog
E. Activin
A

C. T

Brachy means tail: Tails starts with T

23
Q

The hypoblast of the bilaminar early embryo gives rise to which of the following tissue types?
A. Embryonic Endoderm
B. Extraembryoinc Endoderm
C. Both A and B
D. Both Mesoderm and extraembryonic endoderm

A

B. Extraembryoinc Endoderm

24
Q

The splitting of the blastocyst during early development resulting in two complete but separate blastocyst within a single trophoblast is the most common mode of twinning. Assuming complete normal identical twins, what developmental property is illustrated?

A

Regulation

25
Q

What is thought to be one fo the two signaling molecules that plays a role in the formation of the primitive streak?

A

TGF-ß

Look up the other one

26
Q

In what type of signaling results in one dominant cell?

A

Delta Notch

27
Q

During the transport of the egg through the female tract following ovulation, the most likely site of fertilization occurs in the____

A

Ampulla

28
Q

In mammalian embryos, unlike non-mammalian and invertebrate embryos, most transcription in the embryonic genome, as opposed to the maternal genome, occurs as early as what stage?

A

4-cell stage

29
Q

In drosophila, what gene categories are mRNAs derived from the maternal genome rather than the embryonic genome?

A

Egg-Polarity genes

30
Q 
Which of the following is a transcription factors?
A. FGF
B. Pax
C. TGF
D. Notch
E. Wnt
A

B. Pax

31
Q

Zinc fingers and helix loops are ___

A

Transcription factors

32
Q

The principal energy source for ejaculated spermatozoa is

A

Fructose in the seminal vesicle fluid

33
Q

What is the most common condition associated with spontaneously aborted embryos?

A

Chromosomal abnormalities

34
Q 
What tissue from the embryo directly interfaces with the endometrial connective tissue?
A. Corona Radiata
B. Inner Cell Mass
C. Syncytiotrophoblast
D. Blastocyst
A

C. Syncytiotrophoblast

35
Q 
Identical twinning is made possible by what process or property of the early embryo?
A. Regulation
B. Aneuploidy
C. Paternal Imprinting
D. Maternal Imprinting
E. X-Chromosome Inactivation
A

A. Regulation

36
Q

The zona pellucida _____

A

Prevents premature implantation of the leaving embryo

37
Q

What form of signaling uses lateral inhibition?

A

Delta Notch

38
Q

TGF-ß often utilizes what pathway?

A

Receptor tyrosin kinase pathway

39
Q

Mutation of what receptor is the basis for basal carcinomas?

A

Patched

40
Q

Transcription of what gene is required to permit cleavage to proceed to the 2-cell stage in mammalian embryos?

A

4-Oct

41
Q 
Which of the following organizes the border between the dorsal and ventral thalamus?
A. Prechordal Plate
B. Anterior Neural ridge
C. Isthmic Organizer
D. Zona Limitans
A

D. Zona Limitans

42
Q 
In the late primitive streak stage which of the following signal molecules released from the primitive streak activates how genes?
A. Noggin 
B. FGF
C. Chordin
D. SHH
A

B. FGF

43
Q 
In meiosis, pairing of homologous chromosomes begins during which of the following stages of prophase I?
A. Zygotene
B. Leptotene 
C. Pachytene
D. Diplotene
A

A. zygotene

44
Q

What best describes the oogonium during the early fetal period?

A

Diploid with no follicle cells

45
Q

Inhibin released by the granulose cells during the ovarian cycle, inhibits secretion of gonadotropin, especially FSH, resulting in ____

A

Regression of the corpus luteum

46
Q

Which of the following pathways ensures the neural tube closure?
A. Convergent Extension Pathway
B. Planar Cell Polarity Pathway
C. Signaling pathway involving Otx-2 and Gbx-2
D. Anterior neural ridge signaling

A

B. Planar Cell Polarity Pathway

47
Q 
Which of the following is located at the junction of the midbrain and hindbrain and express FGF-8?
A. Prechordal plate
B. Anterior neural ridge
C. Isthmic Organizer
D. Zona Limitans
A

C. Isthmic Organizer

48
Q

What best summarizes the effect of grafting a second dorsal lip to the blastocoel of an early amphibian embryo (salamander)?

A

The dorsal lip can induce the formation of a second embryo

49
Q 
In drosophila, which of the following classes of genes is involved in the deletion of adjacent segments?
A. Gap genes
B. Pair ruling genes
C. Segment polarity genes
D. Hox Genes
A

A. Gap Genes

S2 E1 KCU COB (5 decks)

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