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cytology multiple choice > Embryology Questions > Flashcards

Embryology Questions Flashcards

1
Q

what is present in the 2nd week of development of the extraembryonic cavity?

A

exocoelomic cysts

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2
Q

in IVF, what is used to stimulate ovaries?

A

Gonadotrophins

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3
Q

On which day does the posterior neuropore close?

A

day 27

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4
Q

which of the following are derived from the endoderm?

A

none of the following

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5
Q

which embryonic layer is in contact with the parietal hypoblast?

A

Cytotrophobast

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6
Q

which layer is generated by the epiblast?

A

epiblast

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7
Q

which layers are the primary villi originated from?

A

cytotrophoblast

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8
Q

what structure is under the neural tube?

A

notochord

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9
Q

how long does semen capacitation take?

A

10 hours

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10
Q

what is the placenta?

A

haemochoral

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11
Q

what is the percentage of sperm in a sample?

A

14-90%

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12
Q

on which day does the process of allantosis begin?

A

day 15-16

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13
Q

when does the second meosis of oogenesis occur?

A

fertilisation

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14
Q

at the eigth day of development, the hypoblast consists of

A

small cuboidal cells

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15
Q

The amniotic cavity is formed by cells of the

A

epiblast

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16
Q

approximately how long after fertilisation does the first cleavage of the zygote occur?

A

30 hours

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17
Q

the primitive endothelial cells are formed by?

A

cells lining the yolk sac

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18
Q

in the beginning of the third week, the paraxial mesoderm differentiates into segments known as

A

somites

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19
Q

which embryonic layer is in direct contact with the parietal hypoblast until the formation of the extraembryonic mesoderm?

A

cytotrphoblast

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20
Q

monozygous twins may have

A

common amnion, placenta and chorion

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21
Q

the intraembryonic lateral plate mesoderm generates which of the following?

A

limb buds

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22
Q

which of the statements regarding the types of spermatogonia is NOT true?

A

stem cells generating sertolli cells

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23
Q

the number of oogonia at birth is approximately?

A

700,000-2,000000

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24
Q

the primitive endothelial cells are formed by?

A

cell linings of the yolk sac

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25
Q

the amniotic and yolk sac cavities are temporarily connected by?

A

The neurenteric canal

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26
Q

the intraembryonic intermediate mesoderm forms?

A

gonads

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27
Q

from which germ layer do the adenohypophysis originate?

A

(anterior pituitary) surface ectoderm

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28
Q

which pharyngeal arch contributes to most of the middle eat ossicles

A

second

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29
Q

which cells are generated by the secondary spermatocytes?

A

early spermatids

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30
Q

what effect does prostaglandin have on the semen?

A

a+c

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31
Q

how does the female tract assist sperm migration?

A

b+c

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32
Q

which of the following statements is true?

A

chorionic villi are part of the foetal placenta part

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33
Q

the merging of which structures contributes to development of the face?

A

maxillary and mandibular processes and frontonasal prominence

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34
Q

from which component of the blastocyst can the stems capable of organ regeneration in humans?

A

embryoblast

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35
Q

which of the zona pellucida proteins acts as a receptor for spermatozoa binding?

A

ZP3

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36
Q

what is the name of the outer layer of the blastocyst?

A

trophoblast

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37
Q

the process of compaction of the pre-embryo leads to formation of an outer and inner cell mass, which differ in their intercellular junctions as follows:

A

outer cell mass–> tight junctions—> inner cell mass—> gap junctions

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38
Q

from the 3rd month, hemopoiesis is

A

extravasal

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39
Q

the number of somites at the end of the 5th week of development is?

A

42-44

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40
Q

which of the following structures originates from the endoderm?

A

epithelium of vagina and prostate

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41
Q

which of the following stages is not a process of fertilisation?

A

gastrulation

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42
Q

which of the following phases of the menstrual cycle is under progesterone control?

A

secretory phase

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43
Q

primary villi result from the proliferation of?

A

cytotrophoblast

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44
Q

in which cavity are the exocoelomic cysts located during the second week of development?

A

extraembryonic cavity

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45
Q

how long after ejaculation is the maximum fertile time for most sperm?

A

48 hours

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46
Q

which of the following originates from the paraxial mesoderm?

A

dermis

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47
Q

the amniotic cavity is formed by cells of the?

A

epiblast

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48
Q

gastrulation begins with formation of the?

A

primitive streak

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49
Q

the following structires are NOT derived from the endoderm

A

all answers are true

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50
Q

how long does capacitation of the semen normally take>

A

about 5-7 hours

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51
Q

the primitive endothelial cells are formed by?

A

cell linings of the yolk sac

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52
Q

trophoblastic overgrowth with lack of embryoblast development may lead to?

A

molar pregnancy

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53
Q

which pharyngeal arch contributes to the formation of the mandible?

A

first

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54
Q

what is the rate of occurrence of abnormal blastocysts?

A

20-30%

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55
Q

what is formed at the cranial end of the embryonic disk?

A

primitive knot

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56
Q

In the presence of how many cells generated by the zygote is the process of cleavage assumed to begin?

A

16

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57
Q

the following originate from the endoderm

A

urinary bladder, urethra, alimentary canal, liver, pancreas, trachea, bronchi, alveoli, throid, thymus, tympanic cavity

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58
Q

the conjoined monozygotic twins connected in the thoracic region are called?

A

thoracopagus

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59
Q

each somite differentiates into all the following

A

dermatomes, myotomes, syndetomes, sclerotomes

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60
Q

the bilaminar disk consists of?

A

epiblast and hypoblast

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61
Q

turner syndrome is

A

monosomy X(absence of an entire sex chromosome) resulting in 45 chromosomes

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62
Q

which germ layers do the nephrogenic cords originate from?

A

intermediate mesoderm

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63
Q

outermost layer of the embryonic mesoderm?

A

ectoderm

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64
Q

outermost layer of the preembryo

A

trophoblast

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65
Q

what are the two layers of the endometrium?

A

stratum functionalis and stratum basalis

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66
Q

time period within which the secondary oocyte can be fertilised

A

12-24 hours

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67
Q

how many cavities characterise the pre embryo at the end of the 2nd week of development

A

2(chorionic and amniotic)

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68
Q

the first blood cells originate from

A

yolk sac

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69
Q

what is the normal sperm count of the sperm in 1/ml?

A

15-40 million

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70
Q

which of the cells produce testosterone in the testis?

A

interstitial cells

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71
Q

which of the blastocyst poles is directed to the endometrium at implantation?

A

embryonic plate

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72
Q

the endoderm is crated by?

A

epiblast

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73
Q

during which stage of prophase of the first mitotic division in gametes does crossing over take place?

A

pachytene

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74
Q

what is the optimal window for people wishing to conceive a child?

A

3 days before ovulation and less than a day after

75
Q

which structure is formed at the dorsal border of the neural tube?

A

spinal cord

76
Q

the cells generated by the spermatogonia are?

A

primary spermatocytes

77
Q

the cephalic end of the primitive streak is?

A

primitive node

78
Q

which layer does the chorion originate from?

A

extraembryonic mesoderm

79
Q

amniocentesis is used to investigate and detect?

A

prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities and fetal genetic abnormalities

80
Q

what is the name of the cells forming the morula?

A

blastomeres

81
Q

when does implantation after fertilisation start?

A

6-7 days

82
Q

how many chromosomes do fertilised eggs have?

A

46

83
Q

what are the risks for pregnant women during a tubal pregnancy?

A

rupture, bleeding, internal haemorrhage

84
Q

during the second week of development, the embryoblast differentiates into?

A

bilaminar germ disc composed of epiblast and hypoblast

85
Q

what compartment of the blastocyst contributes to the formation of the placenta?

A

trophoblast

86
Q

how long does it normally take the sperm to migrate in the female reproductive tract and to each the egg?

A

18-24 hours

87
Q

which of the following lists are steps in in vitro fertilisation?

A

Ovarian hyperstimulation—(last) adjunctive medication

88
Q

which of the following structures refer to embryonic membranes?

A

anmion, chorion, yolk sac, atlantosis

89
Q

what is the average composition of seminal fluid?

A

2-5% sperm, 65-75% amino acids and citrate, 25-30% acid phosphatase, citric acid, 1% galactose and mucus

90
Q

what is the average age of menopause in humans?

A

40 years

91
Q

the somatopleure and splanchnopleure originate from

A

lateral mesoderm

92
Q

which of the which germ layer do the heart and spleen originate from?

A

mesoderm

93
Q

what is the name of the inner layer of the blastocyst?

A

hypoblast

94
Q

what is the mechanism of the clonal expansion of the progenitors of the gametes?

A

mitosis

95
Q

which of the listed options form the corona radiata?

A

granulosa cells

96
Q

what is the main factor of sperm migration in the female reproductive tract?

A

sperm chemotaxis- progesterone

97
Q

in which phase of the menstrual cycle does the endometrium achieve its maximum thickness?

A

luteal phase

98
Q

the myotomes consist of?

A

epithelial somites

99
Q

after its penetration in the oocyte, the spermatozoa head is transformed into?

A

pronucleus of zygote

100
Q

the initial haemopoesis is

A

intravasal

101
Q

the umbilical vein

A

carries oxygenated blood from placenta to foetus

102
Q

which of the enumerated characteristics of given semen analysis are normal?

A

20 and 40 million sperm per mm

103
Q

which of the following tissues originates from the endoderm?

A

lung, thyroid or pancreatic cells

104
Q

cumulus oophorus is characteristic or which follicle?

A

antral follicles

105
Q

the embryonic disk gradually becomes elongated with?

A

primitive streak

106
Q

the process of cleavage represents a series of

A

mitotic cell divisions

107
Q

gastrulation establishes

A

the trilaminar disc

108
Q

which component of the preembryo aborts its development in a molar pregnancy?

A

hydatiform mole

109
Q

the hypoblast belongs to

A

trophoblast

110
Q

the formation of the fingers in the limb buds takes place via

A

apical ectodermal ridge

111
Q

what is the correct sequence of the extended first meiotic division?

A

leptotene—(last)–synchronous processes

112
Q

at which developmental stage does the segmentation of the paraxialmesoderm begin?

A

beginning of third week

113
Q

which germ layer structure do the neurons of the peripheral nervous system originate from?

A

neural crest of ectoderm

114
Q

how many pharyngeal arches contribute to the formation of the thymus?

A

3

115
Q

the formation of the primitive streak occurs on the surface of

A

hypoblast

116
Q

the connecting stalk originates from

A

extraembryonic medoderm

117
Q

conjoined monozygotic twins by the head are called

A

craniophagus

118
Q

which of the following phases of the menstrual cycle is under oestrogen control

A

follicular phase

119
Q

ejaculation is identical to which process?

A

ovulation

120
Q

the intervillus space of the placenta contains

A

blood(from the maternal arteries and veins

121
Q

which compartment of the blastocyst contributes to the formation of the foetus?

A

embryoblast(inner cell mass)

122
Q

the exocoelomic membrane lines the inner surface of?

A

cytotrophoblast

123
Q

the secretion of FSH by the pituitary gland is suppressed by a factor secreted by the Sertoli cells called

A

inhibins

124
Q

where must sperm normally encounter the egg in order to fertilise it?

A

ampulla of uterine/fallopian tube

125
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes contain the primodial germ cells?

A

23

126
Q

placental villi are best developed in the region of

A

syncytiotrophoblast

127
Q

the rate of dizygotic twins is

A

70%

128
Q

down syndrome is known as

A

trisomy 21

129
Q

which germ layer do the serous membrane of the body originate from?

A

mesoderm(lateral plate?

130
Q

which type of trophoblastic villi are formed in the 2nd week of development?

A

primary villi

131
Q

name the most medially located components of the intraembryonic mesoderm

A

intermediate mesoderm

132
Q

the inner layer of the embryoblast adjacent to the amniotic cavity is

A

epiblast

133
Q

insemination is a process of passage of spermatozoa through the female genital tract as follows

A

deposition of sperm into —> migration to the uterus—>uterine tube

134
Q

which component of the preembryo continues to develop thus forming molar pregnancy?

A

trophoblast

135
Q

the definitive umbilical cord contains

A

2 arteries and 1 vein

136
Q

what is the normal sperm motility?

A

3mm/min

137
Q

the cardiogenic primordium is formed by?

A

epiblast lateral to primitive streak

138
Q

what is the sequence of appearance of the limb buds

A

flatten buds===>radial grooves on distal portion of buds–> digits

139
Q

which requirements of the semen must be met for sperm motility?

A

increased flagellum motility, high no of mitochondria

140
Q

The second meiotic division during oogenesis begins..

A

at the time of ovulation

141
Q

From which germ layer develop the smooth muscle cells of internal organs?

A

Splanchnopleuric lateral plate mesoderm

142
Q

Which layer of the preembryo is in direct contact with the endometrium?

A

Amnion

143
Q

Which of the following tissues is derived from the ectoderm?

A

Adenohypophysis

144
Q

Insemination is a process of passage of spermatozoa through the female genital tract as follows:

A

Vagina- cervix uteri- cavum uteri-uterine tubes

145
Q

The heart and blood vessels are derivative of

A

lateral plate mesoderm

146
Q

Which germ layer forms lacunae?

A

Syntiotrophoblast (cytotrophoblast + layer of syntiotrophoblast grow into lacunae)

147
Q

The olfactory placode is located on the surface of which structure?

A

Frontonasal prominence

148
Q

What is the inner mucus layer of the uterus called?

A

Endometrium

149
Q

From which germ layer, originate the nephrogenic cords?

A

Intermediate germ layer

150
Q

Which of the listed structures penetrate deepest into the endometrium?

A

Tertiary Villi

151
Q

The formation of the notochord occurs during?

A

3rd Week

152
Q

Teratogens are agents that?

A

cause congenital malfunction

153
Q

Which of the following do not originate from the endoderm?

A

heart and blood vessels

154
Q

gastrulation is established…

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm( single layered blastula is reorganised into a multi-layered structure known as the gastrula)

155
Q

Which structures originate from the lateral plate and mesoderm?

A

Epithelium of the peritoneal, pleural and pericardial cavities

156
Q

Which components of the seminal fluid contribute to the raising of the pH from 3.5-7.5 and activating the sperm?

A

Seminal vesicle fluid

157
Q

During the process of cleavage..

A

The cells do not change size

158
Q

Sclerotomes differentiate into..

A

Bone and cartilage which surround the notochord

159
Q

Which cells of the spermatogonic population have bivalent chromosomes?

A

spermatids

160
Q

In which cells are the cortical granules located?

A

Oocyte(peripheral cytoplasm)

161
Q

The preimplantation genetic diagnosis represents analysis of?

A

blastomeres

162
Q

Name the medially located compartment of the intraembryonic mesoderm

A

Paraxial mesoderm

163
Q

Which Structures originate from the lateral plate mesoderm?

A

Epithelium of the renal tubes and renal calices

164
Q

What is the volume of seminal fluid in a healthy individual?

A

0.5-1ml

165
Q

which of the listed options is associated with the acrosomal reaction of the spermatozoa?

A

all answers are true

166
Q

Which techniques of artificial insemination are available to the public?

A

a and c

167
Q

each somite differentiates into the following except..

A

Nephrotome

168
Q

At which embryonic stage are the endocardial heart tubes formed?

A

day 19

169
Q

Chromosomal aberations(trisomy/monosomy) are most frequently due to..

A

Non disjunction of homologous chromosomes during first meiotic division

170
Q

The notochord serves as a basis for

A

The axial skeleton

171
Q

The definitive umbilical cord contains

A

mucous connective tissue( warton’s jelly)

172
Q

Which structures do the exocoelomic cavities(cysts) arise from in the 2nd week of development?

A

secondary yolk sac

173
Q

Which of the following are functions of the yolk sac?

A

takes part in early blood circulation

174
Q

The process of cleavage(segmentation) is?

A

mitosis

175
Q

gastrulation occurs in the beginning of the….

A

third week

176
Q

The umbilical arteries…

A

surround the urinary bladder

177
Q

Which of the following tissues is derived from the ectoderm?

A

Epidermis skin cells, neurons of brain and pigment cells

178
Q

When does implantation after fertilization еnd?

A

13-14 days

179
Q

Which layer is in contact with the cytotrophoblast after the formation of the extraembryonic cavity

A

Extraembryonic somatopleuric mesoderm

180
Q
A
181
Q
A
182
Q
A
183
Q
A
184
Q
A

cytology multiple choice (2 decks)

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