Embryology - Placenta Flashcards
During the later stages of pregnancy, maternal blood is separated from fetal blood by the?
*Syncytiotrophoblast and fetal endothelium
During the later stages of pregnancy, the placental membrane becomes very thin and consists of two layers - the syncytiotrophoblast and the fetal endothelium
The maternal and fetal components of the placenta are?
*Decidua basalis and villous chorion
The placenta is a unique organ, in that it is a composite of tissue from two different sources - the mother and fetus. The maternal component is the decidua basal is, and the fetal component is the villous chorion
The intervillous space of the placenta contains?
*Maternal blood
The intervillous space contains only maternal blood as the spiral arteries of the endometrium penetrate the outer cytotrophoblast shell
A young insulin-dependent diabetic woman in her first pregnancy is concerned that her daily injection of insulin will cause a congenital malformation in her baby. What should the physician tell her?
Insulin, like all protein hormones, does not cross the placental membrane in significant amounts
What is a normal amount of amniotic fluid at term?
The normal amount of amniotic fluid at term is 1000mL. However, the amount of amniotic fluid at various stages of pregnancy can be indicative of congenital malformations. Oligohydramnios (400mL in late pregnancy) may be indicative of renal a genesis. Polyhydramnios (2000mL in late pregnancy) may be indicative of either anencephaly or esophageal atresia
Which of the following does not pass through the primitive umbilical ring?
The amnion does not pass through the primitive umbilical ring. As craniocaudal folding occurs, the amnion becomes the outer covering of the umbilical cord
Which of the following best describes the placental components of dizygotic twins?
dizygotic twins and 35% of monozygotic twins have two placentas, two amniotic sacs, and two chorions (“222”)
A 26-year-old pregnant woman experiences repeated episodes of bright red vaginal bleeding at week 28, week 32, and week 34 of pregnancy. The bleeding spontaneously subsided each time. Use of ultrasound shows that the placenta is located in the lower right portion of the uterus over the internal os. What is the diagnosis?
A placenta implanted in the lower part of the uterus near the internal os is called placenta previa. the repeated episodes of bright-red vaginal bleeding are caused by the gradual dilation of the uterus in the later stages of pregnancy. As the uterus dilates, spiral arteries and veins supplying the placenta are ruptured. The mother may bleed to death, and the fetus is placed in jeopardy because of the compromised maternal blood flow
A 19-year-old woman in week 32 of a complication-free pregnancy is rushed to the emergency department because of profuse vaginal bleeding. The bleeding subsides, but afterward no fetal heart sounds can be heard, indicating intrauterine fetal death. The woman goes into labor and delivers a stillborn infant. On examination of the afterbirth, a velamentous placenta is detected. Although not much can be done at this point, what is the diagnosis?
A velamentous placenta occurs when umbilical blood vessels abnormally travel through the amniochorionic membrane before reaching the placenta proper. If the vessels cross the internal os, a serious condition called vasa previa exists. As the fetus grows during pregnancy and the amniochorionic membrane stretches, the umbilical vessels may rupture. When that happens, the fetus will bleed to death. The mother is in no danger of bleeding to death in vasa pre via because only the umbilical vessels rupture
A 32-year-old pregnant woman at 30 weeks of gestation comes to her physician because of excess weight gain in a 2-week period. Ultrasonography reveals polyhydramnios. Which fetal abnormality is most likely responsible for the polyhydramnios?
Polyhydramnios is associated with the inability of the fetus to swallow because of esophageal atresia or anencephaly. Polyhydramnios can also result from absorption defects such as duodenal atresia. The inability of the embryo to swallow the amniotic fluid means that the fluid cannot be absorbed into the fetal blood and removed by the placenta and passed into the maternal blood.
A 25-year-old pregnant woman at 17 weeks of gestation comes to her OB’GYN for a normal examination. During routine blood tests, her serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) concentration is found to be markedly decreased for her gestational age. Which abnormality will be physician need to rule out based on these low AFP levels?
Reduces AFP levels are associated with Down syndrome. All of the other defects (neural tube defects such as spin bifid a and anencephaly, omphalocele, and esophageal atresias) are associated with elevated AFP levels.
