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Y1 - Cardiovascular > Embryology of the heart and great vessels > Flashcards

Embryology of the heart and great vessels Flashcards

1
Q

From which germ layer does the heart develop?

A

The visceral mesoderm

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2
Q

Where does the heart begin its initial development?

A
  • quite cranially

- forms from a region of myoblasts and blood islands in the visceral mesoderm

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3
Q

How does the heart reach its final position?

A

Lateral and craniocaudal folding

Lateral folding:

  • like a horse shoe closing
  • creates a central vessel

Craniocaudal folding:
- Moves heart caudally

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4
Q

List the dilatations (regions) of the heart tube (Caudal –> cranial)

A 
Sinus venosus (right and left horns)
-->
Atrium
-->
Ventricle
-->
Bulbus cordis
-->
Truncus arteriosus
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5
Q

Describe the direction of blood flow in the primitive heart

A

Blood enters at the sinus venosus

Blood leaves via the truncus arteriosus

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6
Q

What region of the adult heart do the sinus venosus develop into?

A
  • Smooth part of the right atrium

- Coronary sinuses

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7
Q

What region of the adult heart does the atrium develop into?

A
  • Trabeculated part of both atria
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8
Q

What region of the adult heart does the ventricle develop into?

A
  • Trabeculated part of Left ventricle
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9
Q

What region of the adult heart does the bulbus cordis develop into?

A
  • Trabeculated part of right ventricle

- Outflow part of both ventricles

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10
Q

What region of the adult heart does the truncus arteriosus develop into?

A
  • Aorta

- Pulmonary Trunk

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11
Q

By what day does the heart begin to loop and fold?

A

Day 23

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12
Q

Describe the movements of the artium, ventricle, and bulbus cordis during looping and folding

A

Atrium –> dorsal and cranial

Ventricle –> displaced left

Bulbus cordis –> inferiorly, ventrally to the right

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13
Q

Describe the relative timing of heart septa development

A

All 3 heart septa develop simultaneously

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14
Q

Describe the formation of the atrioventricular septum

A

Atrioventricular groove already constricts the gap
–>
Endocardial cushions extend from both side of the groove to close the gap

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15
Q

Describe the formation of the interatrial septum

A

Interatrial septum (septum primum) grows towards the endocardial cushions
–>
foramen primum forms (last gap in septum)
–>
foramen secundum opens
–>
foramen primum closes
–>
septum secundum develops partially covering the foramen secundum
–>
Gap left is the foramen ovale

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16
Q

Describe the formation of the interventricular septum

A

Muscular septum begins to separate the 2 ventricles
–>
leaves interventricular foramen
–>
ridges from the truncus arteriosus’ bifurcation spiral down, fusing as they go
–>
fills in interventricular foramen

17
Q

What does the foramen secundum allow?

A

Shunting of blood from the right to left atria

18
Q

Describe the foramen ovales

A

As the septum secundum develops partially covering the foramen secundum the gap left is the foramen ovale

  • Acts as a valve only allowing blood to go right atrium –> left
19
Q

Describe the spiral septum down the truncus arteriosus

A

Ridges from the truncus arteriosus’ bifurcation spiral down, fusing as they go

Makes a 180 degree spiral

This is why the pulmonary artery and aorta and intertwined in the adult heart

20
Q

What are the aortic arches associated with?

A

pharyngeal arches

21
Q

List the 5 aortic arches and what they develop into

A

1 –> disappear
2 –> disappear
5 –> rudimentary/absent

3 –> common carotid arteries, internal carotid artery

4 –> right subclavian artery, part or aortic arch

6 –> pulmonary arteries, ductus arteriosus

22
Q

Describe the ductus arteriosus and its function

A
  • Connects the pulmonary trunk to the proximal descending aorta
  • It allows most of the blood from the right ventricle to bypass the fetus’s fluid-filled non-functioning lungs
23
Q

Describe the development of the 4th aortic arches

A

The right arch
–>
right subclavian artery

The left arch
–>
part or aortic arch

24
Q

Describe the development of the sinus venosus

A

The right and left sinus horns merge with the RIGHT atrium

Right sinus horn
–>
Inferior and Superior vena cava

Left sinus horn
–>
Coronary sinus

(From the left sinus horn the right umbilical, left vitelline and left common cardinal veins are obliterated)

25
Q

Describe the remodelling of the atria

A

Right atrium:

  • The sinus venosus merges with the right atrium
  • forming the smooth part of the artium

Left atrium:

  • The proximal part of the pulmonary veins merge with the walls of the left atrium
  • forming the smooth part of the artium, with 4 openings in it
26
Q

Name and give the functions of the 3 venous systems in an embryo

A

Vitelline veins:
- drain yolk sac

Umbilical veins:
- carry oxygenated blood from the placenta

Cardinal veins:
- systemic venous system

27
Q

What do the vitelline veins develop into?

A
  • Portal venous system draining gut
  • Hepatic sinusoids and veins
  • Hepatic portion of IVC
28
Q

What do the umbilical veins develop into?

A
  • Right degenerates

- Left remains as the definitive umbilical vein

29
Q

Describe the ductus venosus

What happens to it after birth?

A

A vein that goes directly through the developing liver

It closes up

30
Q

Give the 2 types of systemic veins

What do they drain?

A

Anterior cardinal veins:
- head and neck

Posterior cardinal veins:
- drain trunk

31
Q

List veins that join with the anterior and posterior cardinal veins:

A

Anterior cardinal veins:

  • jugular system
  • left brachiocephalic vein
  • superior vena cana

Posterior cardinal veins:

  • inferior vena cava
  • azygos and hemiazygos systems
  • gonadal
  • renal veins
  • iliac veins
32
Q

Compare foetal and neonatal circulation

A
  • No ductus arteriosus
  • Oxygenated blood on the left, deoxygenated blood on the right
  • Ductus venosus closes up
  • Umbilical vein closes up
  • Foramen ovale closes up

Y1 - Cardiovascular (19 decks)

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