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Year 2 Systems > Embryology of the GI > Flashcards

Embryology of the GI Flashcards

1
Q

What layer of the trilaminar disc forms the gastro intestinal tract?

A

The embryonic endoderm

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2
Q

What layer of the trilaminar disk forms muscles?

A

The embryonic mesoderm

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3
Q

What membranes close the gut tube at the cranial end and the caudal end?

A

Cranial- oropharyngeal membrane
Caudal- cloacal membrane

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4
Q

What part of the mesentry connects the gut tube to the dorsal body wall? ( lower part of the Oesophagus to the cloacca )

A

Dorsal mesentery

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5
Q

What are the two parts of the ventral mesentry?

A

Falciform ligament - attaches the liver to the abdominal wall
Lesser omentum - holds the liver to the gut tube (stomach and duodenum)

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6
Q

What do we call the area of the liver attached to the diaphragm?

A

The bare area of the liver

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7
Q

What does secretion of (SHH) sonic hedge hog by the gut endoderm cells cause?

A

HOX gene expression in the gut mesoderm, varying amounts of the HOX gene causes cranio caudal organization of the gut

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8
Q

What is mesentery structurally?

A

A double layer of peritoneum

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9
Q

Where does the foregut extend from and extend to?

A

From the lung bud diverticulum to the bile duct opening of the duodenum

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10
Q

How is the stomach formed by the foregut in week 4?

A

The foregut caudal to Oesophagus dilates. Also 90° clockwise rotation around a longitudinal axis

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11
Q

What is the second rotation of the newly developing stomach?

A

A rotation along the antero-posterior axis

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12
Q

Which nerves supply which parts of the stomach due to this rotation?

A

The right vagus nerve supplies the posterior and the left vagus nerve supplies the anterior wall

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13
Q

What is the space behind the stomach called that is created by the longitudinal rotation of the stomach?

A

Omental bursa or lesser sac

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14
Q

What is the duodenum formed by?

A

The caudal part of the foregut and the cranial part of the midgut (this means that the duodenum has two different blood supplies)

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15
Q

What are the two blood supplies of the duodenum?

A

Ceolic trunk and superior mesenteric artery

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16
Q

All of the duodenum is retroperitoneal except which one part?

A

The duodenal cap

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17
Q

What does the liver bud give rise to?

A

The gall bladder, Cystic duct and bile duct.

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18
Q

In the liver what cells originate from the endoderm

A

Hepatocyte’s and biliary epithelia

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19
Q

In the liver what cells develop from the mesoderm?

A

Kupffer cells, haematopoietic cells and connective tissue

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20
Q

What are the key landmarks of the spleens development?

A

Mesodermal origin - week 5
Colonised by t-lymphocytes - weeks 15-17
The b-cell precursors arrive and spleen starts it’s lymphoid function

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21
Q

Where do the pancreases originate from?

A

The ventral pancreas bud and the dorsal pancreas bud

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22
Q

What happens to the position of the bud as the duodenum rotates?

A

The ventral bud moves close to the dorsal bud (goes posteriorly)

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23
Q

What happens to the pancreas buds after the duodenal rotation?

A

They join together and form the pancreas, the main pancreatic duct joins with the bile duct and it opens into the major duodenal papilla

24
Q

Classify the mid gut

A

It extends from the opening of the bile duct into the duodenum up to the proximal 2/3 of the transverse colon

25
Q

What is atresia?

A

Absence of an opening

26
Q

What is stenosis?

A

Narrowing of an opening

27
Q

What rotation does the midgut do

A

90° anti-clockwise

28
Q

What shape does the rotation cause?

A

A u-shaped primary intestinal tube

29
Q

What axis is the mid gut rotation on?

A

It is along the superior mesenteric artery (the artery of the midgut)

30
Q

What is the point of the primary intestinal loop attacked to?

A

The ilium is connected to the yolk sac by the vitelline duct

31
Q

When does the vitelline duct disintegrate?

A

Up to the 12th-14th week

32
Q

In the 6th week what happens after the loop is formed?

A

The loop herniates into the umbilical cord, a process called physiological umbilical herniation.

33
Q

When do the intestinal loops move back into the abdominal cavity?

A

10th week (around)

34
Q

Why does physiological umbilical herniation take place?

A

In early feotal growth there is not enough room for the intestines to grow because of the huge size of the other organs

35
Q

The primary midgut loop Will elongate and differentiate into?

A

Part of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ascending colon and two-thirds of the transverse colon

36
Q

When does the Cecal bud develop?

A

Around week 6

37
Q

Where does the appendix grow?

A

A small ridge on the cecum

38
Q

The position of the appendix can be variable, what are the most common positions?

A

Sub-cecal or retro-ileal

39
Q

Where will the ascending and descending Part of the colon fuse?

A

The posterior body wall, becoming retroperitoneal

40
Q

What parts of the mid and hind gut are intraperitoneal?

A

Appendix, caecum, transverse and sigmoid colons, jejunum and ileum (the small intestine)

41
Q

What is omphalocele?

A

Failure of retraction of herniated intestinal loop

42
Q

What are the possible remnants of the vitelline duct?

A

May form fistula, cyst, ligament

43
Q

What often causes stenosis in the gut?

A

Vascular accidents, possibly from thrombosis, or twisting of bowel - the blood supply to region is compromised and this can result in necrosis of the tissue

44
Q

Hind gut parts of endoderm origin:

A

Distal 1/3rd transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum and upper Part of the anal canal

45
Q

Hind gut parts with ectoderm origin:

A

Lower part of the anal canal and anal orifice

46
Q

What does the Allantois form?

A

The bladder, urethra and structures like that

47
Q

What two structures does the anal canal derive from?

A

The cranial Part of the anal canal has endoderm origin
The caudal portion forms from the proliferation and invagination of the ectoderm on the external surface of the embryo

48
Q

Is the difference in derivation for the cranial and caudal parts of the anal canal visible?

A

Yes, the two regions can be seen Asa pectinate line on the inside of the rectum

49
Q

When does the cloacal membrane rupture?

A

At the end of week 7

50
Q

What is the blood supply of the foregut?

A

Coeliac artery

51
Q

What is the blood supply of the midgut?

A

Superior mesenteric artery

52
Q

What is the blood supply of the hind gut?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

53
Q

What is special about the duodenums blood supply?

A

It is supplied by both the coeliac artery and superior mesenteric artery because it has dual origin from foregut and midgut

54
Q

What is special about the blood supply of the anal canal?

A

The anal canal above the pectinate line is supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery below the pectinate line is supplied by internal pudendal artery, which is a branch of the internal iliac artery

55
Q

What are some developmental anomalies for the hindgut?

A

Urorectal fistula - poo goes through urethra
Rectovaginal fistula - poo goes through vagina
Rectoperineal fistula
Imperforated anus- poo doesn’t get through the anal canal

Year 2 Systems (4 decks)

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