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Cardiovascular System > Embryology of the CVS > Flashcards

Embryology of the CVS Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the formation of the heart tube and the vessels associated with it

A
  • Lateral plate splanchnic mesoderm (inner C-shaped ring) forms circulatory system (and other viscera)
  • Angiogenic cells collect there
  • They move towards the midline
  • Angioblastic cords coalesce to form two primitive heart tubes
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2
Q

Lateral plate splanchnic mesoderm forms…

A

The circulatory system.

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3
Q

Name the two primitive heart tubes

A
  • Cranial end: trunks arteriosus

- Caudal end: sinus venosus

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4
Q

When does the primordial heart start to function?

A

By the 4th week - it is the first major system to form.

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5
Q

Where do blood vessels first appear?

A
  • Yolk sac
  • Allantois
  • Connecting stalk
  • Chorion
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6
Q

Where does the sinus venous receive blood from?

A
  • Yolk sac (vitelline)
  • Placenta (umbilical)
  • Body of embryo (common cardinal)
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7
Q

Describe cephalic folding

A

Pericardial cavity: dorsal –> ventral

Cardiac tube: ventral –> dorsal

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8
Q

Describe the formation of the pericardium

A
  • Derived from intraembryonic coelom
  • Parietal layer of serous and fibrous pericardium derived from somatic mesoderm
  • Visceral layer of serous pericardium derived from splanchnic mesoderm
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9
Q

Describe the formation of the bulboventricular loop

A

Bulbis cordially and ventricle grow faster that other regions forming U-shaped bulboventricular loop.

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10
Q

Describe dextrocardia

A

Abnormal heart looping.

  • Loops to left instead of right
  • Associated with situs inversus
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11
Q

Describe the development of the right and left atrium

A

Endocardial cushion: separates RA + V from LA + V
Septum: separates RA from LA and RV from LV

  1. Foramen secundam formed at upper end of septum primum (due to cell death).
  2. Septum secundum forms to the right of septum primum.
  3. Septum secundum grows and overlaps the foramen secundum (incomplete due to foramen ovale).
    4.
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12
Q

Describe the developmental defects associated with the right and left atrium

A

Atrial septal defect;

  • F>M
  • Patent foramen ovale
  • Causes;
    1. foramen secundam
    2. Endocardial cushion with foramen primum
    3. Sinus venous
    4. Common atrium
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13
Q

Describe the development of the special conducting system of the heart

A
  • Early pacemakers: primitive atrium then sinus venosus
  • SA node develops in 5th week
  • AV canal and sinus venosus –> AV node and Bundle of His
  • Clinical: cot death/SIDS
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14
Q

Describe the development of the right and left ventricle

A
  1. Musclar ventricular septum forms (opening is called interventricular foramen)
  2. Bottom of spiral aorticopulmonary septum + muscular ventricular septum = membranous interventricular septum
  3. Growth of endocardial cushion also contributes
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15
Q

Describe the developmental defects associated with the right and left ventricle

A

Ventricular septal defect;

  • M>F
  • Can appear in any part
  • 30% close spontaneously
  • Most common: membranous type
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16
Q

Describe the role of the foramen ovale

A

Before birth;

  • Allows blood to pass from right to left atrium
  • Prevents blood flowing back

After birth;

  • Usually closes
  • Become fossa ovale
  • Septums fuse
  • Non-closure results in ASD
17
Q

What does the aorticopulmonary septum divide?

A

The bulbus cordis and trunks arterioles into the aorta and pulmonary trunk.

18
Q

Describe the aortic arches

A
  • 6 develop from aortic branches and pharyngeal arch arteries
  • Not all present at same time
  • All terminate in dorsal aorta
19
Q

Describe the common abnormalities of the aortic arches

A

Aberrent subclavian;

  • 4 regresses
  • Right subclavian originates on left
  • Forced to go behind trachea and oesophagus

Double aortic arch;

  • Abnormal right aortic arch
  • Difficulty swallowing

Patent ductus arteriosus;

  • Increased work of breathing, not thriving
  • May lead to congestive heart failure

Coarctation of aorta;
- Narrowing of aorta proximal or distal to DA

20
Q

Primitive ventricle –>

A

Left ventricle

21
Q

Primitive atrium

A

Parts of right and left atria

22
Q

Sinus venosus

A
  • Superior vena cava

- Right atrium

23
Q

Describe the risk factors of congenital heart disease

A
  • Rubella infection in pregnancy
  • Maternal alcohol abuse
  • Maternal drug treatment and radiation
  • Genetic
  • Chromosomal (Down’s, Turner’s)
24
Q

Describe the transposition of the great vessels

A
  • Common cause of cyanotic disease in newborn infants

-

25
Q

Describe the transposition of the great vessels

A
  • Patent ductus arteriosus: permits exchange of pulmonary and systemic circulation
  • Common cause of cyanotic disease in newborn infants
  • Causes;
    1. Failure of aorticopulmonary septum to spiral
    2. Defective migration of neural crest cells
26
Q

Describe the transposition of the great vessels

A
  • Patent ductus arteriosus: permits exchange of pulmonary and systemic circulation
  • Common cause of cyanotic disease in newborn infants\
  • F>M
  • Associated with rubella in pregnancy
  • Causes;
    1. Failure of aorticopulmonary septum to spiral
    2. Defective migration of neural crest cells
27
Q

Describe the formation of the aortic sac

A
  • First arteries to form: right and left primitive aorta
  • Each has a ventral and dorsal part
  • They partially fuse to form aortic sac
  • Aortic branches arise from this
28
Q

Describe the development of the pharyngeal arch arteries

A
  • Develop during 4th and 5th week
  • Each arch has its own nerve and blood supply
  • Pharyngeal arteries communicate with aortic arches
  • 6 aortic arches form on each side
29
Q

Describe the fate of the aortic arches

A

-

30
Q

Describe the fate of the aortic arches

A
  • 1 and 2: maxillary
  • 3: common carotid and first part of internal carotid
  • 4 left: arch of aorta
  • 4 right: right subclavian
  • 6 left: left pulmonary and ductus arteriosus
  • 6 right: right pulmonary
31
Q

Describe the development of the lymphatic system and the thoracic duct

A
  • Develops at end of 6th week
  • 6 primary lymph sacs
  • Lymphatic vessels will join later
32
Q

Umbilical arteries supply…

A
  • Dorsal aorta to chorionic villi of placenta

- Proximal persists as internal iliac and superior vesicle branches to bladder

33
Q

Cardinal veins drain…

A
  • Body of embryo

- Forms vena cabal system by anastomosis of all cardinal veins

34
Q

Ductus arteriosus –>

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

35
Q

Ductus venosus –>

A

Ligamentum venous of the liver

Cardiovascular System (26 decks)

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