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Craniofacial - Pediatric > Embryology of the Craniofacial Skeleton > Flashcards

Embryology of the Craniofacial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What are Neural Crest cells

A
  • derived from ectoderm
  • differentiate into mesenchymla cells
  • arise in wk4 from infolding of neural tube migrate into head and neck region =>critical step for formaiton of branchial arches and facial processes
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2
Q

What is derived from the NCC?

A
  • ocular structures
  • melanocytes
  • thyroid/adrenal gland
  • CNS structures (glial cells, scwann cells, meninges)
  • branchial arches
  • facial processes
  • cranial bones
  • dental structures
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3
Q

What are disorders assocaited with NCC abnormalities?

A

NF

CHARGE

Albinism

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4
Q

What are the branchial arches and how/when do they form?

A
  • building blocks of the craniofacial skeleton and soft tissues
  • form as mesenchymal swellings along the foregut
  • each arch contains 3 types of primitive tissue - endo/ecto/meso and NCC
  • develop from wk 4-8
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5
Q

What strucutres are derived from 1st branchial cleft

A

EAC

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6
Q

What strucutres are derived from 1st branchial pouch

A

Middle ear

Eustachian tube

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7
Q

What strucutres are derived from 2nd brachial pouch

A

Palatine tonsils

TOnisllar fossa

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8
Q

What strucutres are derived from 3rd pouch

A

Inferior parathyroids

thymus

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9
Q

What strucutres are derived from 4th pouch

A

superior parathyroid

c-cells

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10
Q

What structures are derived from 1st branchial arch

A
  • Mylohoid, Muscle of Mastication, Anterior belly digastric, TVP, TEnsor tympani
  • Merckels cartilage = malleus, mandible template, sphenomandibular lig
  • Quadrate cartilage = incus, greater wing sphenoid
  • Artery degenerates
  • CN5
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11
Q

What strucutres are derived from 2nd branchial arch

A
  • Stapedius, Stylohyoid, Posterior belly digastric, facial expression muscles
  • Reichart cartilage = stapes except footplate, hyoid lesser horn
  • stapedial artery degen
  • CN7
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12
Q

What structures are derived from 3rd branchial arch

A
  • stylopharyngeus
  • greater horn of hyoid
  • carotid
  • CN9
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13
Q

What strucutres are derived from 4th arch

A
  • all muscles of pharynx except stylopharyngeus
    • cricothyroid, cricopharyngeus, LVP
  • thyroid cartilage
  • right subclavian, Left aortic arch
  • CNX, superior thyroid n
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14
Q

What structures are derived from 5ht arch

A
  • all intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid
  • arytenoids, cricoid, corniculate
  • right and lef tpulmonary artery
  • recurrent laryngeal n
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15
Q

What strucutres are derived from 6th arch

A

SCM, trapezius

CN 11

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16
Q

What are key developmental fusions of facial processes during wk 4-8

A
  • Fusion of the MNP, LNP, & MxP →continuity between nose, upper lip, palate
  • Merging of MNP + MxP →separation of oral & nasal cavities => palate
  • Merging of the MNPs →philtrum + Cupid’s bow, nasal tip, premaxilla + primary palate + nasal septum
  • LNPs →nasal alae
  • Nasolacrimal groove =furrow separating LNP from MxP
  • Merging of Paired MdP →lower jaw, lower lip, lower cheek & chin
  • MxP →upper lip (excluding the philtrum) +upper cheek
  • FNP →forehead, nasal dorsum + derivatives of MNP & LNP
17
Q

How does the nose develop?

A
  • ectodermal swelling on FNP = nasal placodes
  • development of MNP LNP which grow anteriorly while placode remain stationalry - leading to invagination = pit
  • Nasal dorsum derived from FNP
18
Q

How do the facial bones develop

A
  • MAINLY from MxP via IMO
  • Except mandible from MdP via IMO
  • and Condyles from MdP via EO
19
Q

Which developmental phenotypes have defined failed fusions

A
  • Tessier 7 - failure of development of 1st and 2nd branchial arches
  • macrostomia - failure of fusion of the MxP and MdP
  • Tessier 3 - failureo f fusion of MxP with LNP
20
Q

What is the neurocranium and how does it develop

A
  • Def: bones surrounding brain = including cranial vault bones and skull base
  • Skull base - derived from NCC (anterior to sella turcica) and para-axial mesoderm (posterior to sella turcica
  • forms by Endochondral ossification = cartilage templateis ossified
  • bones of skull base include sphenoid, occiput, frontal, temporal, ethmoid
  • Cranial vault - derived from NCC mesenchymal plates
  • forms by Intramembranous ossification - dependent on underlying brain development
  • bones of cranial vault include frontal, occiput, parietal
21
Q

Which bones of the craniofacial skeleton develop from the MxP and MdP and via EO/IMO?

A
  • MxP derivatives: maxilla, zygoma, vomer, palatine, temporal squamous portion - via IMO
  • MxP derivative mandible - IMO
  • MdP derivative - condyles - EO
22
Q

How does the cranial vault grow

A
  • Functional Matrix theory - underlying brain stiulate osteogenic growth at sutures - rapid grow relative to viscerocrnaium
  • at bith 25% of adult size, age 2 75%, age 10 full adult size
  • diploe devloped at age 3
23
Q

How does skull base grow?

A
  • via synchondroses (areas of cartilage/chondrocranium that do not ossify ) and remain growth centres - all surrouding/incolving sphenoid
24
Q

What causes restriciton of AP growth in skull base as seen in bicoronal CS of apert/crouzon and schondroplasia?

A

premature fusion of synchondroses of skull base

Craniofacial - Pediatric (4 decks)

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