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CARD - 1 > Embryology of CVS - 2 > Flashcards

Embryology of CVS - 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the two methods by which BVs develop.

A 
Vasculogenesis = new formation of a primitive vascular network. 
Angiogenesis = growth of new vessels from pre-existing BVs.
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2
Q

What is the aortic sac?

A

Extension of truncus arteriosus.

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3
Q

Describe the steps that occur leading to the formation of aortic branches.

A

Right and left primitive aorta arise, each has a ventral (aortae) and dorsal (aortae) part.
Fusion of two endocardial tubes.
Two ventral aortae partially fuse to aortic sac.
Aortic branches arise from aortic sac.

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4
Q

What are the pharyngeal arches?

A

The future neck.

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5
Q

When do the pharyngeal arches form?

A

During 4th and 5th wk.

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6
Q

Each pharyngeal arch receives its own artery and nerve, what are these arteries called?

A

Pharyngeal arteries.

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7
Q

How are the aortic arches formed and how many of them exist?

A

Pharyngeal arteries communicate with aortic branches, these are now called aortic branches.
6 formed on each side (all in communication with dorsal aortae).

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8
Q

What two BVs form the aortic arches?

A

Aortic branches and pharyngeal arch arteries.

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9
Q

Where do the aortic arches terminate?

A

In the dorsal aorta.

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10
Q

What are the fates of the first two arches?

A

Disappear early, remnant of 1st arch forms part of maxillary artery (branch of external carotid).

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11
Q

What is the fate of the third arch?

A

Constitutes the commencement of the internal carotid artery (named carotid arch).

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12
Q

What is the fate of the fourth arch?

A

Right forms right subclavian.

Left forms the distal part of aortic arch.

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13
Q

What is the fate of the fifth arch?

A

Either never forms or forms incompletely and then regresses.

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14
Q

What is the fate of the sixth arch?

A

Proximal part of R forms proximal part of R pulmonary artery.
Left - gives off the L pulmonary artery and forms ductus arteriosus.

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15
Q

What happens to the ductus arteriosus?

A

Within 1-3 months, it’s obliterated and becomes ligament arteriosum.

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16
Q

How do most defects of great arteries arise?

A

Due to persistence of aortic arches that would normally regress and the regression of ones that shouldn’t normally.

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17
Q

What is an aberrant subclavian artery?

A

With regression of the R aortic arch 4 and R dorsal aorta, the R subclavian a. has an abnormal origin on the L side. To supply blood to the R arm, this force the R subclavian a. to cross the midline behind the trachea and oesphagus, which may constrict these organs. Normally no symptoms though.

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18
Q

What is a double aortic arch?

A

Occurs with the development of an abnormal right aortic arch in addition to the left aortic arch, forming a vascular ring around the trachea and esophagus, which usually causes difficulty breathing and swallowing.

19
Q

Describe patent ductus arteriosus.

A

Ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth. Early symptoms uncommon, but may include increased work of breathing and poor weight gain. Uncorrected PDA may lead to congestive heart failure w/ age.

20
Q

Describe coarctation of the aorta.

A

Congenital condition where aorta is narrow, usually in area where ductus arterosus inserts. Coarctation = narrowing (most common in aortic arch), can be proximal to ductus arteriosus (predicate) or distal to it (post ductal).

21
Q

What are the main three circulations in the embryo?

A

Vitelline
Umbilical
Cardinal

22
Q

In the embryo, what do the vitelline arteries supply?

A

Yolk sac

23
Q

In the adult, what are the vitelline arteries represented by?

A

Celiac artery (artery of foregut)
Superior mesenteric artery (artery of midgut)
Inferior mesenteric artery (artery of handgun)

24
Q

In the embryo, what are the roles of the umbilical arteries?

A

Paired branches of the dorsal aorta to placenta.

25
Q

After birth, what happens to the umbilical arteries?

A

Proximal portion persists as internal iliac and superior vesical branches (to urinary bladder).
Distal portion degenerates to form obliterated umbilical arteries and forms medial umbilical ligaments.

26
Q

What does the embryonic venous system consist of?

A

Vitelline veins
Umbilical veins
Cardinal veins

27
Q

What are the role of the vitelline veins?

A

Carrying blood from the yolk sac to the sinus venosus

28
Q

What are the role of the umbilical veins?

A

Originate from chorionic vili of placenta carrying oxygenated blood to embryo.

29
Q

What are the role of the cardinal veins?

A

Draining body of embryo.

30
Q

What do the vitelline veins become in the adult?

A

Portal vein
hepatocardiac (liver to heart) part of inferior vena cava
Liver sinusoids
Superior mesenteric vein

31
Q

What do the umbilical veins become in the adult?

A

R umbilical vein degenerates completely
L umbilical vein obliterates and forms ligamentum teres hepatis (=round ligament)
Ductus venosus obliterates and forms ligamentum venosum

32
Q

What is the role of the ductus venosus in the foetus?

A

Shunts a portion of the blood from the L umbilical vein BF directly into the inferior vena cava, allowing oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the liver.

33
Q

What do the cardinal veins become in the adult?

A

Carry blood from head and lower body to heart

Form vena caval (SVC and IVC) system by anastomosis among the veins

34
Q

In the foetus how do the cardinal venous system exist?

A

Consists of anterior, posterior, and common cardinal veins draining to sinus venous.

35
Q

What are some examples of congenital venous system abnormalities?

A

Double IVC or absence of IVC.

Left or double SVC.

36
Q

When does the lymphatic system develop?

A

At end of 6th wk around main veins.

37
Q

How many primary lymph sacs develop at the end of the embryonic period?

A

6

38
Q

What happens to the lymph sacs later on?

A

They are joined by lymphatic vessels.

39
Q

What is good respiration in neonate dependent on?

A

Normal circulatory transition at birth, placental circulation –> pulmonary circulation.

40
Q

What are the three important vascular structures in the transitional circulation?

A 
Ductus venosus (shunts L umbilical vein BF directly to IVC, allows oxygenated blood to bypass liver)
Oval foramen (allows blood to shunt from left to right atrium, bypassing lungs)
Ductus arteriosus (allows blood that escapes into R ventricle to bypass lungs)
41
Q

What is commonly associated with PDA?

A

Maternal rubella infection in early pregnancy.

42
Q

What are the causes of PDA?

A

Failure of muscular wall to contract, resp distress syndrome (low O2) and lack of surfactant in lungs.

43
Q

What theories are there to explain coarctation of the aorta?

A

?Incorporation of muscle tissue of DA into arch of aorta during development, when DA contracts after birth part of arch also constricts.
Genetic/environmental factors

CARD - 1 (28 decks)

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