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AU13 Anatomy Final > Embryology; Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Embryology; Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

The skeletal system originates from ______ and _____ ____ cells, which revert to a _______ state

A

mesoderm
neural crest
mesenchymal

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2
Q

The mesenchymal cells will differentiate into ________ or _______ to eventually form bone

A

osteoblasts

chondroblasts

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3
Q

The ________ model of ossification begins with mesenchyme —> chondroblasts —-> cartilage —–> bone

A

endochondral

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4
Q

The _______ model of ossification beings with mesenchymal cells —–> osteoblasts ——> bone

A

intramembranous

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5
Q

True or False

The endochondral method of ossification ultimately forms the facial bones (viscerocranium), and some flat bones of skull

A

False; the endochondral method forms most bones; limbs and base of skull (chondrocranium)
The intramembraneous method forms the facial bones and flat skull bones

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6
Q

The formation of joints appears at week _____, as condensed mesenchyme appears in _____ ______

A

6

joint interzones

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7
Q

Name the three types of joints

A

fibrous (sutures)
cartilaginous (costochondral joints)
synovial (knee)

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8
Q

The _____ _____ is the space between bones that will become the joint

A

joint interzone

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9
Q

_____ _____ forms the majority of the axial skeleton (except for the sternum and a portion of the skull) and the somites (which form at day 23)

A

Paraxial mesoderm (sclerotome)

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10
Q

Each somite differentiates into a ________, _______, and ______

A

dermatome
myotome (muscle)
sclerotome

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11
Q

Sclerotome cells surround the _____ _____ and _____

A

neural tube

notochord

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12
Q

Each sclerotome segment (forming vertebrae) has a less dense portion _____ and a dense portion _____

A

cranially

caudally

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13
Q

Sclerotomes undergo ________; some of the dense portion forms ______ ______ of intervertebral discs, remaining dense portion fuses with less dense portion of sclerotome immediately inferior to form the ______ ______

A

resegmentation
annulus fibrosus
vertebral body

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14
Q

The _____ ______ _____ break through the sclerotomes from the neural tube and separates the dense from not dense portion and giving rise to the _______ ____

A

cervical spinal nerves

intervertebral discs

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15
Q

There are ____ cervical sclerotomes which give rise to _____ cervical vertebrae and ______ cervical spinal pairs

A

8
7
8

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16
Q

True of False

The cranial and caudal portions of adjacent sclerotomes fuse to form each vertebral body

A

True; the caudal portion of one fuses with the cranial portion of another

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17
Q

_______ are formed from sclerotome of paraxial mesoderm. Grow out as lateral extensions of _______ _______ developing from thoracic vertebrae and wrap around anteriorly

A

Ribs

costal processes

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18
Q

_____ _____ form where costal process meets vertebrae (due to apoptosis of cells)

A

synovial joints

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19
Q

_______ is induced to form by ribs at ventral midline from _____ _____ _____ ______

A

sternum

lateral plate somatic mesoderm

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20
Q

True or False

The sternum forms as one unit

A

False; the sternum develops as two bars that will fuse cranially to caudally

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21
Q

True or False

The sternum is formed during the 10th week

A

True

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22
Q

The primary curvatures of the spine are the ______ and _______, and they develop duing the _____ period

A

thoracic
sacral
fetal

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23
Q

The secondary curvatures of the sone are the _____ and ______, and they develop ____ ____

A

cervical
lumbar
after birth

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24
Q

The ________ is mostly formed from the neural crest of the first _____ pharyngeal arches, and is formed by __________ ossification

A

viscerocranium
two
intramembranous

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25
Q

______ are fibrous joints uniting the flat bones of the skull, during fetal period, are membraneous and flexible joints

A

sutures

26
Q

_______ are enlarged membraneous spaces where 2+ bones meet

A

fontanelles

27
Q

The sutures and fontanelles fuse at ___-___ years

A

5-7

28
Q

__________ is the premature closure of sutures

A

craniosynostosis

29
Q

True or False

brachycephaly is the premature closing of the sagital suture

A

False; brachycephaly is the premature closing of the coronol suture; scaphocephaly is the premature closing of the sagital suture

30
Q

The appendicular skeleton arises from _____ cartilage, which differentiates from mesenchyme of lateral plate somatic mesoderm

A

hyaline

31
Q

Endochondral ossification of limb bones begins at the end of embryonic period; end of the _____ week

A

8th

32
Q

The bones of the face (viscerocranium) and a portion of neurocranium (frontal, squamous portion of temporal, anterior sphenoid), and hyoid form from mesenchyme deriving from _______ ______

A

neural crest

33
Q

The vertebral column, ribs + portion of neurocranium (occipital, parietal, petrous portion of temporal, posterior sphenoid) form from mesenchyme deriving from ______ ______

A

paraxial mesoderm (sclerotome)

34
Q

The pectoral and pelvic girdles, limb bones, and sternum (aka appendicular skeleton and sternum) form from mesenchyme derived from ______ ______ _______

A

lateral plate mesoderm

35
Q

Skeletal muscles are derived from _____ _____, of the somites, but specifically ______

A

paraxial mesoderm

myotome

36
Q

Cardiac muscle is derived from _______ _______ ______ surrounding developing heart

A

intraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm

37
Q

Smooth muscle (of GI tract) is derived from ______ _______ ______ surrounding gut tube

A

intraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm

38
Q

Smooth muscles such as _______ _____ and _____ ______ of the iris arise from __________

A

sphincter pupillae
dilator pupillae
neuroectoderm

39
Q

Smooth muscles such as ______ ______ of mammary, salivary and sweat glands arise from _____ _______

A

myoepithelial cells

surface ectoderm

40
Q

Somites (paraxial mesoderm) give rise to most of the axial skeleton and _______ ______ + overlong dermis of back

A

associated musculature

41
Q

_____ ______ ______ separates paraxial mesoderm from lateral plate somatic mesoderm

A

lateral somitic frontier

42
Q

Some ventrolateral lip (VLL) myoblasts will migrate across the frontier into lateral plate somatic mesoderm to form ______ _____ of the ______

A

skeletal muscle

limb

43
Q

Each myotome divides into _____ group and _____ group

A 
epaxial group (dorsal)
hypaxial group (ventral)
44
Q

Each spinal nerve divides into a _______ and _______ primary rams

A

ventral

dorsal

45
Q

True or False

Epaxial muscles are innervated by ventral primary rami

A

False; the dorsal primary rams innervates the epaxial muscles; the ventral primary rami innervates the hypxial muscles

46
Q

Deep intrinsic back muscles are ______ muscles

A

epaxial

47
Q

The muscle belly of skeletal muscle forms from the ______ _____, while the muscle tendons from from _____ _____ near myotomes

A

paraxial mesoderm

sclerotome cells

48
Q

All muscles are derived from ______ (except those few from ectoderm)

A

mesoderm

49
Q

Limb buds emerge toward end of week ______

A

4

50
Q

True or False

The upper limbs appear before the lower limbs

A

True; lower limbs appear roughly 1-2 days after upper limbs

51
Q

Limb buds have a core of ______ lined by _____ ______

A

mesenchyme

surface ectoderm

52
Q

The mesenchyme of limb buds forms the ____ of the limb

A

connective tissue (blood, bone, cartilage, dermis, etc)

53
Q

______ ______ _____ sends signaling factors to nearby mesenchyme of ______ _____; it is located at tip of new limb

A

apical ectodermal ridge (AER)

progress zone

54
Q

The _____ _____ keeps cells undifferentiated and rapidly dividing to form more limb tissue;

A

progress zone

55
Q

Limb buds initially grow straight out laterally, followed by a upper limb _____ rotation by 90º an lower limb _______ rotation by 90º

A

lateral

medial

56
Q

By the end of week ___, mesenchyme is condensing to form ____ ______

A 
6
digital rays (outlines of future digits)
57
Q

Organized ______ of cells in AER divides paddle into 5 digits; the _______ will differentiate as ______ cartilage in digits

A

mesenchyme

hyaline

58
Q

The digits are fully separated by week ____

A

8

59
Q

The absence of part of a limb

A

meromelia

60
Q

the absence of an entire limb

A

amelia

61
Q

Fewer digits

A

syndactyly

62
Q

Between 1957 and 1962, the role of the drug _______ was causing an absence or malformation of long bones of limbs

A

thalidomide

AU13 Anatomy Final (9 decks)

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