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Lower Extremity Anatomy II > Embryology (Lecture 2) > Flashcards

Embryology (Lecture 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Limb bud appear in the __ week

A

4th

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2
Q

limb bud appear as

A

as small elevations on the ventrolateral body wall

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3
Q

limb buds are derived from

A

the somatic body wall (lateral plate mesoderm)

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4
Q

Mesenchyme (embryonic tissue) covered in

A

ectoderm

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5
Q

upper limb buds are visible in the

A

cervical region ~day 24

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6
Q

lower buds are visible in the

A

lumbar region ~day 28

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7
Q

limb bud contains MESENCHYME that will form ____ of the lower extremity

A

cartilage/bone and dermis

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8
Q

muscles are derived from

A

somites, myoblasts migrate into developing limb

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9
Q

where are motor units derived from?

A

spinal cord

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10
Q

schwann cells,
melanocytes,
sensory neurons
and sympathetics are derived from

A

neural crest cells

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11
Q

proximal/distal directional axes of limb

A

thigh,leg,foot

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12
Q

dorsal/ventral directional axes of limb

A

anterior vs posterior thigh/leg

dorsum vs plantar foot

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13
Q

cranial/caudal directional axes of limb

A

big toe (cranial,preaxial) to little toe (caudal, postaxial)

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14
Q

limb elongation progresses from `

A

proximal to distal

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15
Q

stylopod

A

thigh

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16
Q

zeugopod

A

leg

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17
Q

autopod

A

foot

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18
Q

in early stages of limb elongation the limbs appear as

A

flippers on the ventrolateral wall

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19
Q

ectoderm over distal tip of limb condenses to form

A

the apical ectoderm ridge (AER)

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20
Q

what represents to dorsal/ventral boundary

A

apical ectoderm ridge (AER)

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21
Q

underlying mesenchyme induces

A

the formation of AER

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22
Q

AER induces the proliferation of

A

the underlying mesenchyme and elongation of the limb (progress zone)

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23
Q

mesenchyme obtains positional information about

A

future proximal/distal location

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24
Q

studies that removed the AER showed

A

the formation of truncated limb

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25
Q

mesenchyme will differentiate into

A

cartilage as a cartilage precursor model to bone.

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26
Q

in fetal development where do the flexor and extensor compartments meet?

A

pre-axial (cranial) and post-axial (caudal) borders

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27
Q

Pre-axial (cranial) border

A

medial side of the limb (tibal side)

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28
Q

which border is demarcated by the great saphenous vein

A

pre axial (cranial) border

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29
Q

post-axial (caudal) border

A

lateral side (fibular side) of the limb

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30
Q

which border is demarcated by the small saphenous vein

A

the post-axial (caudal) boarder

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31
Q

mesenchyme differentiates into

A

cartilage

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32
Q

ossification occurs from

A

cartilage templates (most) or connective tissue

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33
Q

what develops from inter-membranous ossification

A

tips of distal phalanges (ungal tuberosity , tufts)

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34
Q

when does bone become visible on radiographs

A

once it begins ossification

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35
Q

joints form from

A

mesenchyme between cartilage templates of future bones

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36
Q

joints can differentiate into either

A
  1. collagen (fibrous)
  2. hyaline cartilage (synchondrosis)
  3. joint cavity (synovial)
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37
Q

Synovial Joint

A

development of an interzone between cartilage templates

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38
Q

in a synovial joint where does the cavitation develop

A

within interzone

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39
Q

limb muscles are derived from

A

hypaxial myogenic precursors that migrate ventrally along dorsolateral wall

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40
Q

when does migration of the hypaxial myogenic precursors begin

A

week 4/5

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41
Q

muscle mass increases by __ until ___

A

mitosis until mid fetal period

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42
Q

myoblasts form 2 condensations

A
  • dorsal mass (extensor)

- ventral mass (flexor)

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43
Q

dorsal mass is located ___ before limb rotation

A

posteriorly (dorsal)

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44
Q

After limb rotation, dorsal mass is located

A
  • Posterior in upper limb
  • Anterior in lower limb
  • Not lower limb girdle (pelvic girdle)
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45
Q

Ventral mass is located ___ before limb rotation

A

anterior/ventrally

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46
Q

after rotation, ventral mass is located

A
  • Anterior in upper limb
  • Posterior in lower limb
  • Not lower limb girdle
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47
Q

__ rami from spinal cord segments migrate into developing limb

A

Ventral

48
Q

Dorsal branches (divisions) innervate

A

dorsal muscle mass

49
Q

Ventral branches (divisions) innervate

A

ventral muscle mass

50
Q

axons innervate muscle mass when?

A

before they split into individual muscles

51
Q

lumbar plexus

A

ventral rami of L1-4

52
Q

ventral rami have __ division

A

ventral and dorsal

53
Q

subcostal nerve

A
  • ventral rami T12

- cutaneous supply to superior anterolateral thigh

54
Q

Branches of the lumbar plexus

A
  1. Iliohypogastric
  2. Ilioinguinal
  3. Genitofemoral
  4. Lateral femoral cutaneous
  5. Nerves to psoas major muscle
  6. Femoral
  7. Obturator
  8. Accessory Obturator
55
Q

Ventral Division of L1

A

Iliohypogastric and Ilioinguinal

56
Q

Ventral division of L1,L2

A

Genitofemoral

57
Q

dorsal divisions of L2,3

A

Lateral Femoral cutaneous

58
Q

dorsal divisions of L2-4

A
  • nerve to psoas major muscle

- Femoral, (nerve to iliacus muscle)

59
Q

Ventral divisions of L2-4

A

Obturator

60
Q

Ventral divisions of L3,4

A

Accessory Obturator

61
Q

A part of L4 also contributes joints with L5 ventral rami to form

A

lumbosacral trunk

62
Q

branches of the sacral plexus

A 
Superior Gluteal 
Inferior Gluteal 
Nerve to Piriformis 
Perforating cutaneous nerve 
Sciatic 
Posterior cutaneous nerve to thigh 
Nerve to Quadratus femoris 
Nerve to obturator Internous 
Pudendal
63
Q

dorsal divisions of L4-S1

A

Superior gluteal

64
Q

dorsal divisions of L5-S2

A

inferior gluteal

65
Q

dorsal divisions of S1,2

A

Nerve to piriformis

66
Q

dorsal divisions of S2,3

A

Perforating cutaneous nerve

67
Q

dorsal divisions of L4-S2 and ventral divisions of L4-S3

A

Sciatic

68
Q

dorsal divisions of S1,2 and ventral divisions of S2,3

A

Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh

69
Q

ventral divisions of L4-S1

A

Nerve to quadratus femoris

70
Q

ventral divisions of L5-S2

A

Nerve to obturator internus

71
Q

ventral divisions of S2-4

A

Pudendal

72
Q

Zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) is a signaing center that forms in

A

the dorsal mesenchyme just below AER (apical ectodermal ridge)

73
Q

controls pattern formation on an anterior/posterior axis

A

zone of polarizing activity

74
Q

the Hallux at the Cranial/anterior end is exposed to a __ amount of morphogen compared to the little toe

A

lesser

75
Q

one of the important morphogens influencing the formation of the digits

A

Sonic Hedghog

76
Q

Primary vessel that supplies the developing limb

A

axis (axial) artery

77
Q

axis artery arises from

A

dorsal root of umbilical artery

78
Q

the axis artery passes along

A

posterior aspect of developing limb in the plantar foot

79
Q

external iliac forms from

A

dorsal root of umbilical artery

80
Q

femoral artery forms from

A

exteral iliac artery

81
Q

femoral artery travels to

A

posterior thigh where it then communicates with the axis artery

82
Q

proximal to the femoral artery communicating the with axial artery

A

the axial artery will disappear

83
Q

axis artery disappears but what arteries persist

A

inferior gluteal and ischiadic artery

84
Q

___ eventually becomes major supplier to lower extremity through its communication with __

A

femoral artery; popliteal artery

85
Q

Dorsal root of umbilical becomes

A

common iliac

86
Q

Remnants of axis artery

A
  • Inferior gluteal
  • Popliteal
  • Ischiadic artery (sciatic artery)
  • Fibular
87
Q

5th week

A
  • Hand and foot plates develop, hands develop earlier

- Flat and paddle shaped

88
Q

6th week

A
  • Joints become more observable
  • Digital rays of hand plate develop
  • Limbs move to a more ventral position
89
Q

7th Week

A
  • Digital rays of the foot develop

- Limb rotation

90
Q

limb rotation initially the knees and elbows are facing

A

laterally

91
Q

upper and lower limbs rotate in

A

oppositie directions

92
Q

upper limbs rotate ___ to face caudally

A

laterally/exertnall

93
Q

lower limbs rotate ___ to so knees face cephalically

A

medially/internally

94
Q

8th week

A
  • Fetal position is attained by the end of the week

- Mesenchyme between digits degenerates (apoptosis)

95
Q

Complete or partial union between 2 or more tarsal bones

A

tarsal coalition

96
Q

developemntal fusion that results from incomplete or faulty mesenchymal segmentation

A

tarsalcoalation; Genetically programed to develop

97
Q

in tarsal coalition, ___ and __ are most common

A

Calcaneonavicular and talocalcaneal

98
Q

tarsl coalition is classified by the type of tissue that bridges the bones

A
  • fibrous (syndesmosis)
  • cartilaginous (Synchondrosis)
  • bony (synostosis)
99
Q

syndactyly

A

congenital malformation caused by the the failure of differentiation of digits (mesenchyme doesn’t separate)

100
Q

fusion of toes in syndactyly can be either __ and can effect __

A

single or multiple; skin and soft tissue OR soft tissue and bone

101
Q

Cutaneous Syndactyly

A
  • Failure of mesenchyme degeneration between digits
  • Causes webbing between digits
  • Can be complete or partial
  • More of a functional problem in the hand
102
Q

Osseous Syndactyly

A

Failure of mesenchyme to segment in the foot

103
Q

Amelia

A

lack of limb; absence/failure of formation of an entire limb

104
Q

amelia is cause by

A

interruption of the limb formation process (prevented or interrupted early on

105
Q

absence of all limbs

A

tetra-amelia

106
Q

Meromelia

A

partial absence of a limb

107
Q

where does meromelia occur

A

can occur at any level of the limb

108
Q

phocomelia

A

seal limb

type of meromelia where rudimentary hands or feet are attached to trunk

109
Q

amelia, meromelia, phocomelia can be cause by

A

vascular interuption, genetic, or caused by terogens (like thalidomide, chemicals, radiation)

110
Q

congenital absence of bone example

A

fibula (fibular hemimelia) can be partial or complete absence

111
Q

Cleft foot or hand (ectrodactyly)

A
  • “Lobster Claw Foot (hand)”
  • Rare anomaly
  • Central conical defect from periphery to tarsals
  • Presentation varies
  • Affects central rays
  • Surgically addressed early on to prevent pathological adaptation
112
Q

Polydactyly (many digits) formation of extra digits that can be due to

A

genetic defect or part of a syndrome. can appear differently.

113
Q

Polydactyly in lower limb types

A

pre axial
post axial
central

114
Q

Pre-axial polydactyly:

A

extra digit towards the hallux

115
Q

Post-axial:

A
  • extra digit towards little toe
  • more common
  • Surgically corrected
116
Q

central

A

extra digit involves digits 2,3, or 4

117
Q

Macrodactyly

A
  • Enlargment of digits

- Overgrowth of bone/tissue

Lower Extremity Anatomy II (12 decks)

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