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BMS 150 > Embryology I > Flashcards

Embryology I Flashcards

Fertilization to Gastrulation

1
Q

an organism that breathes no air, does not use the
digestive tract and lives in a sterile environment

A

Fetus

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2
Q

an air-breathing organism with a functional GI
tract that quickly becomes colonized by microbial flora

A

Newborn

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3
Q

where is progesterone and estrogen produced

A

ovaries

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4
Q

where does sperm fertilization of the oocyte occur

A

uterine tube (fallopian tube)

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5
Q

single fertilized diploid oocyte that hasn’t divided yet

A

zygote

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6
Q

Combination of spermatic and oocyte genetic material

A

diploid cell

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7
Q

The oocyte will not
complete meiosis II unless
_________ occurs in the __________ of the _________

A

fertilization
ampulla
uterine tube

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8
Q

before puberty meiosis stops at what stage

A

prophase I

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9
Q

after puberty meiosis resumes but stops at what stage until sperm penetration

A

metaphase II

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10
Q

what is the egg called after puberty prior to sperm penetration

A

secondary oocyte

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11
Q

release of a secondary oocyte from ovarian follicle

A

ovulation

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12
Q

cells that surround the
oocyte, found outside
of the zona pellucida

A

corona radiata

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13
Q

a haploid germ cell

A

gamete

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14
Q

protein coat that surrounds an oocyte as well as the
early embryo

A

zona pellucida

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15
Q

multicellular organism, prior to fetal stage and arbitrarily defined as period from fertilization – end of week 7

A

embryo

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16
Q

cells formed during development that do not become part of the neonatal organism, but involute or contribute to the fetal membranes

A

Extraembryonic

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17
Q

approximately 16-cell stage (12 – 32 cells) of an embryo

A

Morula

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18
Q

does a morula have a blastocoel

A

NO!

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19
Q

a spherical mass of cells that is composed of a trophoblast
that surrounds a fluid cavity (blastocoel) and an inner cell mass (embryoblast)

A

blastocyst

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20
Q

cell division in the early embryo –> each division does not increase the size of the embryo, instead each division results in smaller and smaller cells

A

cleavage

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21
Q

a cell that is totipotential and is present during very early
development (first week) this is the product of cleavage

A

blastomere

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22
Q

occurs when an embryo contacts and then becomes
surrounded by the endometrium of the uterus

A

implantation

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23
Q

layer of cells on the outside of the sphere

A

trophoblast

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24
Q

surrounded by the trophoblast, these cells develop into the embryo

A

embryoblast

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25
the fluid filled cavity within the sphere
blastocoel
26
when does the blastocyst arrive at the fundus of the uterus
day 5
27
at day does the embryo hatch out of the ZP
day 6
28
2 layers that the trophoblast makes when it invades the endometrial epithelium
1. cytotrophoblast (inner) 2. syncytiotrophoblast (outer)
29
what are the 3 steps of zona hatching and implantation
1. apposition (pinopods direct) 2. adhesion (via selectin and integrin binding) 3. invasion
30
role of syncytiotrophoblast
1. invade endometrial stroma and induce villi formation 2. secrete hCG
31
a layer that is typically found on the “exterior” of the organism
ectoderm
32
a layer that is typically found on the interior of the organism
endoderm
33
layer found between the ectoderm and endoderm
mesoderm
34
towards the head
cephalad
35
towards the tail region
caudad
36
Fluid begins to accumulate between the extra-embryonic mesodermal cells to form another cavity
extraembryonic coelom
37
as the embryo develops the primary umbilical vesicle becomes the smaller secondary umbilical vesicle | ______ vesicle
umbilical vesicle (yolk sac)
38
amniotic cavity is found above what
epiblast
39
extraembryonic somatic mesoderm + trophoblast = wall of chorionic sac
chorion
40
encloses the embryo and its cavities, and is surrounded by the syncytiotrophoblast
chorionic sac
41
Where syncytiotrophoblast contacts endometrial blood vessels, the blood vessel deteriorates and blood pools
lacunar networks
42
Thickened area of columnar cells that acts as an organization area, found in the cephalad region of the hypoblast that is responsible for the induction of other structures
prechordal plate
43
signaling “episodes” by key areas of the embryo that stimulate differentiation and development of local structures
induction
44
on day ___ The zona pellucida degenerates. Its disappearance results from enlargement of the blastocyst and degeneration caused by enzymatic lysis. The lytic enzymes are released from the acrosomes of the sperms that surround and partially penetrate the zona pellucida
day 5
45
on day ___ The blastocyst adheres to the endometrial epithelium
6
46
on day ___ The trophoblast differentiates into two layers: the syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast
7
47
on day __ The syncytiotrophoblast erodes endometrial tissues and the blastocyst begins to embed in the endometrium
8
48
on day __ Blood-filled lacunae appear in the syncytiotrophoblast
9
49
on day __ The blastocyst sinks beneath the endometrial epithelium and the defect is filled by a closing plug
10
50
Lacunar networks form by fusion of adjacent lacunae on days __
10 and 11
51
on days __ The syncytiotrophoblast erodes endometrial blood vessels, allowing maternal blood to seep in and out of lacunar networks, thereby establishing a utero-placental circulation
11 and 12
52
the defects in the endometrial epithelium is repaired on days __
12 and 13
53
the primary chorionic villi develop on days __
13 and 14
54
The endometrial changes resulting from the adaptation of these tissues in preparation for implantation are known as
decidual reaction
55
The process by which the three germ layers of the embryo are established * Ectoderm * Mesoderm * Endoderm
gastrulation
56
embryonic connective tissue which forms the supporting tissues of the embryo (i.e. embryonic connective tissue)
mesenchyme
57
roles of notochord
1. make longitudinal axis of embryo + rigidity 2. give signals for development of MSK structures and CNS 3. contributes to intervertebral discs
58
what structure connects the amniotic cavity, secondary umbilical vesicle and bilaminar disk to the chorion
connecting stalk
59
the ____ includes the extraembryonic somatic mesoderm and the trophoblasts
chorion
60
the ____ encloses the embryo and cavities and is surrounded by syncytiotrophoblast
chorionic sac
61
what is the extraembryonic coelom called after day 14
chorionic cavity
62
what does the extraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm surround
umbilical vesicle
63
what does the extraembryonic somatic mesoderm line
inner lining of chorionic sac
64
T or F: the extraembryonic somatic mesoderm is above the cytotrophoblast
FALSE: it is underneath it!
65
what becomes the embryo proper
epiblast
66
what lines the blastocystic cavity and makes the primary yolk sac or AKA the primary endoderm
hypoblast
67
what does hCG do to the endometrium
prevents shedding by maintaining ovarian secretion or steroid hormones
68
what cells accumulate glycogen and lipids throughout the uterus
decidual cells
69
the decidual cells feed the embryo until when
placenta is established
70
what cells enlarge to make amnioblasts
epiblasts
71
hypoblast gives rise to what new cells around the interior surface of blastocoel
extraembryonic mesoderm
72
blastocoel becomes ___
primary umbilical vesicle OR primary yolk sac
73
what are the 3 distinct fluid-filled cavities in the embryo by the end of week 2
umbilical vesicle (yolk sac) amniotic cavity extraembryonic coelom (later becomes chorionic cavity)
74
what day is the extraembryonic coelom called the chorionic cavity
14
75
the primary villi are precursors to what
placental villi
76
what organizes the head and mouth region
hypoblasts
77
in week 3 what is the embryo now called
gastrula
78
thickened linear band in the median plane of the dorsal aspect of the embryonic disc and initiates in the caudal region of the epiblast
primitive streak
79
primitive streak is caused by proliferation of ____ cells to the median plane of the embryonic disc
epiblast
80
when does the primitive streak disappear
end of week 4
81
the process of mesenchymal cells dive into the primitive pit and migrate cephalad makes the ____
notochord

BMS 150 (2 decks)

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