Embryology Final Flashcards
Three stages of heart formation
- Formation of primitive heart tube
- Cardiac looping
- Cardiac septation
What are the three Layers of the heart tube
Endocardium, myocardium, epicardium
Condition where both aorta and pulmonary artery arise from the right ventricle
Double Outlet Right Ventricle (DORV)
Pulmonary valve not formed properly
Pulmonary atresia
Improper blood flow in the pulmonary artery
Pulmonary stenosis
Types of Septum Formation
-Endocardial cushions (Two masses)
-Single tissue mass
Cardiac septation process
- Endocardial cushion
- artioventricular septum
- Interventricular septum
- Septum primum/foramen primum
- Foramen secundum
- Septum secundum/foramen ovale
- Spiral septum
Clinical correlates of cardiac septation
- Excessive resorption of septum primum
- Absence of septum secundum
- Absence of septum primum and septum secundum
Differences in circulation in fetal heart
-oxygenated blood comes through IVC from the placenta
-blood for pulmonary artery will go to the aorta through ductus arteriosus
-Blood shunts from R to L atrium through foramen ovale
How long does ductus arteriosus stay open
First 3 months after birth
Blood vessel development occurs by:
Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis
Vessels arise from angioblasts
Vasculogenesis
Vessels sprout from existing vessels
Angiogenesis
Growth factor important in Vascular development
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
What does the intermediate mesoderm divide into
Segmented and unsegmented intermediate mesoderm
3 stages of kidneys
- Pronephros (beginning/regresses)
- Mesoephros (also regresses)
- Metanephros (forms permanent kidney)
Where does pronephros start
Segmented intermediate mesoderm
Where are mesonephros formed
Unsegmented intermediate mesoderm
Mesonephric excretory vesicles are connected to
Wolffian Duct
What is the function of mesonephros
Acts as a collection duct/removal of waste products and fluid
What combines in mesanephros to create the renal corpuscle
Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus
What does a nephron consist of
Renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle and distal convoluted tubule
Composition of uriniferous tubules
RC, PCT, LOH, DCT + collecting duct and collecting tubule
Where do the collecting tubule and collecting duct come from
Uteretic bud
Most glial cells differentiate from _______
Neuroepithelial Cells
In an adult, truncus arteriosus from the Aorta and ________
Pulmonary Artery
Neurons of dorsal root ganglion are formed from _________
Neural crest cells
Primordial of colliculi are formed by separation from the ____________
Alar plates
_________ process is essential for the formation of the outflow tract region during the development of the heart
Lengthening
The cardiovascular system is derived from which embryonic germ layer
Mesoderm
What does ductus arteriosus become in adults?
Ligamentum arteriosus
Parts of the nephron develop from the _________
Metanephric blastema
Ductus deferens originates from the ___________
Wolffian Duct
Of the different developmental stages of the kidney systems, which one gives rise to the adult kidney?
Metanephros
What tissues give rise to PHF and SHF
Lateral Plate Mesoderm (Visceral/Splanchnic); PHF is found between visceral mesoderm and endoderm
What folds are made as a result of cardiac looping
Ventral: Down/Right (Form ventricles)
Dorsal: Up/Left (For Atria)
Germ layer origins of the endocardium
-Endoderm (simple squamous epithelium)
Germ layer origin of the myocardium
PHF and SHF
What is cardiac jelly made of
GAGs, glycoproteins and collagen
What germ layer is the epicardium made of
Dorsal mesocardium
Vasculogenesis
Vessels that arise from angioblasts
Angiogenesis
Vessels that arise/sprout from existing vessels
What does the mantle layer become
Gray matter/Cell bodies
What does the marginal layer become
White matter/axons
What does the Prosencephalon branch into
Telencephalon and Diencephalon
What does the mesencephalon branch into
Mesencephalon
What does the Rhombencephalon branch into
Metencephalon and Myelecephalon
Where do PGCs originate and end after migration
Originate: Endoderm cells in the wall of the yolk sac
End: Dorsal Mesentery of hindgut
What is the function of PGCs
-Males: Produce medullary cords/testes
-Females: Produce cortical cords/ovaries
Name the developmental stages of the kidneys in order
Pronephros-Mesonephros-Metanephros
What is the function of the Urachus
Plug off allantois
What determines development of the testis
SRY gene, Y chromosome
What plates deal with sensory info
Alar plates
What plates deal with motor info
Basal plates
What area of the brain does the Cephalic flexure deal with
Midbrain
What areas does the cervical flexure deal with
Hindbrain and spinal cord
What is the Foramen of Munro
Connects the lateral ventricles with the 3rd ventricle
Function of the superior colliculi
Visual reflexes
Function of the inferior colliculi
Auditory reflexes
The Optic Cup combines:
Retina + Optic Nerve
What causes the Myelecephalon to flatten and moves the lateral walls laterally
Pontine flexure
What astrocyte is associated with grey matter
Protoplasmic astrocyte
What astrocyte is associated with white matter
Fibrillar Astrocyte
