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Embryology > Embryology Final > Flashcards

Embryology Final Flashcards

1
Q

Three stages of heart formation

A
  1. Formation of primitive heart tube
  2. Cardiac looping
  3. Cardiac septation
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2
Q

What are the three Layers of the heart tube

A

Endocardium, myocardium, epicardium

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3
Q

Condition where both aorta and pulmonary artery arise from the right ventricle

A

Double Outlet Right Ventricle (DORV)

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4
Q

Pulmonary valve not formed properly

A

Pulmonary atresia

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5
Q

Improper blood flow in the pulmonary artery

A

Pulmonary stenosis

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6
Q

Types of Septum Formation

A

-Endocardial cushions (Two masses)
-Single tissue mass

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7
Q

Cardiac septation process

A
  1. Endocardial cushion
  2. artioventricular septum
  3. Interventricular septum
  4. Septum primum/foramen primum
  5. Foramen secundum
  6. Septum secundum/foramen ovale
  7. Spiral septum
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8
Q

Clinical correlates of cardiac septation

A
  1. Excessive resorption of septum primum
  2. Absence of septum secundum
  3. Absence of septum primum and septum secundum
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9
Q

Differences in circulation in fetal heart

A

-oxygenated blood comes through IVC from the placenta
-blood for pulmonary artery will go to the aorta through ductus arteriosus
-Blood shunts from R to L atrium through foramen ovale

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10
Q

How long does ductus arteriosus stay open

A

First 3 months after birth

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11
Q

Blood vessel development occurs by:

A

Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis

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12
Q

Vessels arise from angioblasts

A

Vasculogenesis

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13
Q

Vessels sprout from existing vessels

A

Angiogenesis

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14
Q

Growth factor important in Vascular development

A

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

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15
Q

What does the intermediate mesoderm divide into

A

Segmented and unsegmented intermediate mesoderm

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16
Q

3 stages of kidneys

A
  1. Pronephros (beginning/regresses)
  2. Mesoephros (also regresses)
  3. Metanephros (forms permanent kidney)
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17
Q

Where does pronephros start

A

Segmented intermediate mesoderm

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18
Q

Where are mesonephros formed

A

Unsegmented intermediate mesoderm

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19
Q

Mesonephric excretory vesicles are connected to

A

Wolffian Duct

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20
Q

What is the function of mesonephros

A

Acts as a collection duct/removal of waste products and fluid

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21
Q

What combines in mesanephros to create the renal corpuscle

A

Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus

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22
Q

What does a nephron consist of

A

Renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle and distal convoluted tubule

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23
Q

Composition of uriniferous tubules

A

RC, PCT, LOH, DCT + collecting duct and collecting tubule

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24
Q

Where do the collecting tubule and collecting duct come from

A

Uteretic bud

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25
Q

Most glial cells differentiate from _______

A

Neuroepithelial Cells

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26
Q

In an adult, truncus arteriosus from the Aorta and ________

A

Pulmonary Artery

27
Q

Neurons of dorsal root ganglion are formed from _________

A

Neural crest cells

28
Q

Primordial of colliculi are formed by separation from the ____________

A

Alar plates

29
Q

_________ process is essential for the formation of the outflow tract region during the development of the heart

A

Lengthening

30
Q

The cardiovascular system is derived from which embryonic germ layer

A

Mesoderm

31
Q

What does ductus arteriosus become in adults?

A

Ligamentum arteriosus

32
Q

Parts of the nephron develop from the _________

A

Metanephric blastema

33
Q

Ductus deferens originates from the ___________

A

Wolffian Duct

34
Q

Of the different developmental stages of the kidney systems, which one gives rise to the adult kidney?

A

Metanephros

35
Q

What tissues give rise to PHF and SHF

A

Lateral Plate Mesoderm (Visceral/Splanchnic); PHF is found between visceral mesoderm and endoderm

36
Q

What folds are made as a result of cardiac looping

A

Ventral: Down/Right (Form ventricles)
Dorsal: Up/Left (For Atria)

37
Q

Germ layer origins of the endocardium

A

-Endoderm (simple squamous epithelium)

38
Q

Germ layer origin of the myocardium

A

PHF and SHF

39
Q

What is cardiac jelly made of

A

GAGs, glycoproteins and collagen

40
Q

What germ layer is the epicardium made of

A

Dorsal mesocardium

41
Q

Vasculogenesis

A

Vessels that arise from angioblasts

42
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Vessels that arise/sprout from existing vessels

43
Q

What does the mantle layer become

A

Gray matter/Cell bodies

44
Q

What does the marginal layer become

A

White matter/axons

45
Q

What does the Prosencephalon branch into

A

Telencephalon and Diencephalon

46
Q

What does the mesencephalon branch into

A

Mesencephalon

47
Q

What does the Rhombencephalon branch into

A

Metencephalon and Myelecephalon

48
Q

Where do PGCs originate and end after migration

A

Originate: Endoderm cells in the wall of the yolk sac
End: Dorsal Mesentery of hindgut

49
Q

What is the function of PGCs

A

-Males: Produce medullary cords/testes
-Females: Produce cortical cords/ovaries

50
Q

Name the developmental stages of the kidneys in order

A

Pronephros-Mesonephros-Metanephros

51
Q

What is the function of the Urachus

A

Plug off allantois

52
Q

What determines development of the testis

A

SRY gene, Y chromosome

53
Q

What plates deal with sensory info

A

Alar plates

54
Q

What plates deal with motor info

A

Basal plates

55
Q

What area of the brain does the Cephalic flexure deal with

A

Midbrain

56
Q

What areas does the cervical flexure deal with

A

Hindbrain and spinal cord

57
Q

What is the Foramen of Munro

A

Connects the lateral ventricles with the 3rd ventricle

58
Q

Function of the superior colliculi

A

Visual reflexes

59
Q

Function of the inferior colliculi

A

Auditory reflexes

60
Q

The Optic Cup combines:

A

Retina + Optic Nerve

61
Q

What causes the Myelecephalon to flatten and moves the lateral walls laterally

A

Pontine flexure

62
Q

What astrocyte is associated with grey matter

A

Protoplasmic astrocyte

63
Q

What astrocyte is associated with white matter

A

Fibrillar Astrocyte

Embryology (3 decks)

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