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1ST YEAR SYSTEMS: Cardiovascular > Embryology CVS 1 > Flashcards

Embryology CVS 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what happens in the first major stage of heart development?

A

primitive heart tube is formed

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2
Q

what happens in the second major stage of heart development?

A

heart looping

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3
Q

what happens in the third major stage of heart development?

A

atrial and ventricular septation

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4
Q

what happens in the fourth major stage of heart development?

A

outflow tract septation

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5
Q

what happens during week 3 of development (not same as stage 3)

A

Lateral plate splanchnic mesoderm forms circulatory system (and other viscera)

Angiogenic cell islands collect in
the lateral plate splanchnic mesoderm, move towards the midline and coalesce to form the two primitive heart tubes

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6
Q

which is the first major system to function in the embryo

A

cardiovascular system

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7
Q

when does the primordial heart start to function? why?

A

at the beginning of week 4

rapidly growing embryo - nutrition diffusion is not enough to satisfy the growing embryo

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8
Q

where do blood vessels first appear?

A

in the wall of the yolk sac, allantois, connecting stalk and chorion

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9
Q

what do angioblastic cords canalize to form?

A

heart tubes

Angioblastic cords arrange themselves side by side to form the primordia of the endocardial tubes.

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10
Q

what is the pericardium derived from

A

intra-embyronic coelem

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11
Q

what is the visceral layer of serous pericardium derived from?

A

splanchnic mesoderm

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12
Q

what is the parietal layer of serous pericardium formed from?

A

somatic mesoderm

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13
Q

the tubular heart joins blood vessels in other areas to form what?

A

primordial cardiovascular system

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14
Q

where do aortic arches arise from?

A

aortic sac

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15
Q

where does the right ventricle and parts of the outflow tracts arise from?

A

bulbus cordis

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16
Q

where does the left ventricle arise from

A

primitive ventricle

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17
Q

where do parts of the right and left atria arise from

A

primitive atrium

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18
Q

where does the superior vena cave and right atrium arise from

A

sinus venosus

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19
Q

describe the sinus venosus in the primitive heart tube

A

it has two horns R and L

each horn gets venous blood from - yolk sac, placenta and body of the embryo

20
Q

where do the aortic arches terminate

A

in the dorsal aorta

21
Q

the bulbus cordis (in the primitive heart tube) and ventricle grow faster than other regions forming what?

A

a U-shaped bulboventricular loop

22
Q

Clinical:-

Dextrocardio

A

congenital disease where the heart tube loops to the right (instead of to the left)

most frequent positional abnormality of the heart

23
Q

what happens around 27th and 37th days (towards end of 4th week) of embryonic development?

A

endocardial cushion formation - separates R atrium and ventricle from L atrium and ventricle to form L and R AV canals

septum formation - separates right atrium from left atrium and right ventricle from left ventricle

24
Q

which 2 septum and 2 foramen form at the end of the 4th week

A

septum primum
septum secundum

foramen primum
foramen secundum

25
Q

stage 1 of L and R atria separation

A

septum primum growth generates foramen primum as it protrudes downwards from top of atrium

26
Q

stage 2 of L and R atria separation

A

foramen secundum is formed on the upper end of septum primum (due to cell death)

27
Q

stage 3 of L and R atria separation

A

septum secundum grows on the right of septum primum

28
Q

stage 4 of L and R atria separation

A

septum secundum grows down and overlaps the foramen secundum. But septum secundum is incomplete - perforated by foramen ovale

29
Q

where does the foramen secundum open in

A

the septum primum

30
Q

where does the foramen ovale open in

A

septum secundum

31
Q

role of oval foramen before birth?

A

Allows most of the blood to pass from the right atrium to the left atrium (non functioning lung)

Prevents the passage of blood in the opposite direction

32
Q

role of oval foramen after birth?

A

Normally closes (increased pulmonary blood flow and shift of pressure to the left atrium)

Septum primum (= valve of oval foramen) fuses with the septum secundum

Oval fossa (fossa ovalis) of adult heart is a remnant of foetal oval foramen

Non closure results in Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) – “Hole in the heart”

33
Q

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

A

Common congenital heart anomaly

More common in females than in males

Common form – patent foramen ovale

34
Q

what are the 4 clinically significant types of ASD?

A

Foramen secundum defect

Endocardial cushion defect with foramen primum defect

Sinus venosus defect

Common atrium

35
Q

what are 2 most common types of ASD

A

Foramen secundum defect

Endocardial cushion defect with foramen primum defect

36
Q

3 stages of partitioning of primitive ventricle

A
  1. Muscular ventricular septum forms. Opening is called interventricular foramen
  2. Bottom of spiral aorticopulmonary septum fuses with muscular ventricular septum to form membranous interventricular septum, closing interventricular foramen. (Aorticopulmonary septum divides bulbis cordis and truncus arteriosus into aorta and pulmonary trunk)
  3. Growth of endocardial cushions also contributes to membranous portion of the interventricular septum.
37
Q

what happens during the 5th week of embryonic development?

A

aorticopulmonary septum divides BC and TA into aorta and pulmonary trunk

38
Q

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

A

Most common type of CHD (congenital heart disease) – 25% of defects

Common in males

Can appear in any part of septum

Small VSDs close spontaneously (30 -50%)

Membranous type of VSD is most common

39
Q

development of the conducting system of the heart

A

Early pacemakers - primitive atrium and then sinus venosus

SA node (pacemaker) develops during 5th week

Adult location of SA node – High in the right atrium near the entrance of the SVC

AV node and bundle (bundle of His) develops from cells of AV canal and sinus venosus

40
Q

how does cot death or sudden infant death syndrome come about?

A

abnormalities of conducting tissue

41
Q

transposition of great vessels - what is it?

A

abnormal positioning of the great vessels ie aorta coming from left ventricle instead of right etc

Associated with ASD and VSD

Permit exchange of systemic and pulmonary circulation

42
Q

cause of transposition of great vessels?

A

Failure of aorticopulmonary septum to take a spiral course

Defective migration of neural crest cells
eg. Tetralogy of Fallot

43
Q

what is tetralogy of Fallot

A

A combo of 4 cardiac defects:

Pulmonary stenosis (obstruction of right ventricular outflow)

Ventricular septal defect (VSD)

Dextroposition of aorta (“overriding” aorta)

Right ventricular hypertrophy

44
Q

cause of Tetralogy of Fallot

A

Unequal division of the conus due to anterior displacement of aorticopulmonary septum

45
Q

causes of congenital heart disease? (5)

A

Rubella infection in pregnancy (PDA)

Maternal alcohol abuse (septal defects)

Maternal drug treatment and radiation

Genetic - 8%

Chromosomal – 2% (Down’s and Turner’s syndrome)

1ST YEAR SYSTEMS: Cardiovascular (39 decks)

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